EGN 4070 Final Chapter 1

What are demographers?

Social scientists who study human population dynamics.

What is the Human Development Index?

A composite measure of development that combines 8 indicators of income, education, and health to rank countries on a scale of 0 to 1.

What does the income component of the HDI reflect?

The Gross National Income (GNI) per capita measures the average income of individuals in a country and their ability to afford a decent standard of living.

What are the two indicators used to measure education in the HDI?

Mean years of schooling and expected years of schooling.

What metric is used to measure health in the HDI?

Life expectancy at birth.

What factors influence life expectancy?

Access to healthcare, nutrition, sanitation, and environmental quality.

What is sustainable development?

The desire to improve the worldwide standard of living while considering the effects of economic development on natural resources

What are peri-urban areas?

Areas that lie between urban and rural areas and exhibit characteristics of both.

What is Bruntland's definition of sustainability?

Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

What is inter-generational equity?

Future generations should have same access to resources.

Define social justice.

Fair distribution of resources, opportunities, and benefits.

What is the Conference on Environment and Development?

The first world environmental congress of the UN to which heads of state were invited participants held in Rio De Janeiro, Brazil, in 1992.

What are Millennium Development Goals?

Eight goals to reduce poverty and improve well-being. Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger.

Achieve universal primary education.

Promote gender equality and empower women.

Reduce child mortality.

Improve maternal health.

Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases.

Ensure environmental sustainability.

Global partnership for development.

What is appropriate technology?

Technology suitable for social and environmental context.

What are morals?

Principles of right and wrong.

What is ethics?

Study of moral principles and values.

What is categorical imperative?

The idea, proposed by philosopher Immanuel Kant, that an act is either ethical or unethical if, when it is universalized, it makes for a better world.

What is land ethic?

Humans as members of biotic community.

What is biocentric outlook?

Emphasizes intrinsic value of living organisms.

What is deep ecology?

the ethical framework in which humans have no greater importance than any other component of our world

What is environmental ethic?

"recognizing that we are, at least at the present time, unable to explain rationally our attitude towards the environment and that these attitudes are deeply felt, not unlike the feeling of spirituality." "a sense of obligation to future generations of our species"

What is sustainable design?

Designing for present and future generations.

What is carrying capacity?

Maximum population size an ecosystem can support.

What is exponential growth?

rate of change is proportional to the instantaneous value of the variable that it is changing

What is a measure?

Standard unit to quantify a concept.

What is a metric?

A standardized set of measurements or data related to one or more sustainability indicators.

What is an indicator?

A measurement or metric based on verifiable data that can be used to communicate important information to decision makers and the public about processes related to sustainable design or development.

What is a sustainability index?

Composite measure of economic, social, and environmental sustainability.

What is ecological footprint?

A measure of human impact on environment.

What is capacity factor analysis?

Assessment of renewable energy system efficiency.

What is participatory design?

Design approach involving users and stakeholders.

What is community-based design?

Design approach involving local communities.

What is social and environmental accounting?

Accounting system considering social and environmental impact.

What is ISO?

International organization for developing standards.

What is life cycle assessment?

The evaluation of the changes that occur to materials from cradle to grave, the implifications of extraction, processing, and disposal

What is greenwashing?

Making false claims about environmental benefits.

What is Millennium Development Goal Number 1?

Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger.

What is Millennium Development Goal Number 2?

Achieve universal primary education.

What is Millennium Development Goal Number 3?

Promote gender equality and empower women.

What is Millennium Development Goal Number 4?

Reduce child mortality.

What is Millennium Development Goal Number 5?

Improve maternal health.

What is Millennium Development Goal Number 6?

Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases.

What is Millennium Development Goal Number 7?

Ensure environmental sustainability.

What is Millennium Development Goal Number 8?

Global partnership for development.