Pathophysiology Lab Midterm I

Pathology

What is the study of how disease impact the human body and its functions?

Etiology

What is the study of a disease process?

Pathogenesis

What is the sequence of events, including the responses and/or changes of cells and tissues due to the etiologic agent?

Morphology

What is the study of form, and structure of an organism or its parts based on their function?

Clinical Manifestation

What are the signs and symptoms of a disease process called?

Fever (calor), Pain (dolar), Redness (rubor), Swelling (tumor), and loss of function

What are the five cardinal signs of inflammation?

Adaptation or death

What are the two possible outcomes of when a cell undergoes stress?

Cellular adaptation

What is the physiologic and morphological changes in response to stress/injury in an attempt to preserve viability and function?

Aerobic exercise produces increased blood pressure

What is an example of a physiological adaptation to increased workload?

Hypertension

What is an example of a pathological adaptation to increased workload?

Labile cells

What type of cell is always proliferating and easy to regenerate?

Epithelial cells, RBC's, WBC's, platelets

What are some examples of labile cells?

Stable cells

What type of cell only replicates when need and normally undergoes low levels of cell replication?

Fibroblasts, liver, kidney, pancreas

What are some examples of stable cells?

Permanent cells

What type of cells cannot replicate and die when they are injured?

Neurons and cardiac muscle

What are some examples of permanent cells?

Atrophy

What type of cellular adaptation is characterized as decrease in the size and/or function of cell tissues?

Hypertrophy

What type of cellular adaptation is characterized as an increase in the size of cells/organ due to increased organelles and structural components?

Hyperplasia

What type of cellular adaptation is characterized as an increase in the size of an organ due to an increase in the number of cells?

Metaplasia

What type of cellular adaptation is characterized as an adult cell type being replaced by another adult cell type?

Dysplasia

What type of cellular adaptation is characterized as the "disordered" growth and loss of architectural orientation of cells/organs?

Dysplasia

What type of cellular adaptation is always considered pre-neoplastic?

Steatosis

What condition is characterized by accumulations of fat within an organ that is reversible?

Alcoholism

What is the main cause of steatosis?

Liver, heart, kidney, skeletal muscle

What are the most common organs/tissues to be affected by steatosis?

Signet ring appearance

What appearance does the nucleus take on when steatosis occurs?

Hydropic change

What conditions is characterized as cellular swelling due to accumulation of water because the sodium-potassium ATPase pump isn't function properly?

Hydropic change

What cellular accumulation is occurring in this image?

Steatosis

What cellular accumulation is occurring in this image?

Autoantibodies that bind to the TSH receptor on follicular cells

What is the etiology of Grave's Disease?

Hypertrophy and Hyperplasia

What cellular adaptations are seen in Grave's disease?

Atrophy

What cellular adapatation is associated with Alzheimer's Disease?

Amyloid-beta and hyperphosphorylated tau

What abnormal extracellular proteins is associated with the pathogens is of Alzheimer disease?

Dysplasia

What cellular adaption is occurring in this image?

Apoptosis

What is the body's regulated cell death?

Necrosis

What is the body's pathological, unregulated cell death?

Neutrophils (PMNs)

What type of WBC is seen in this image?

Eosinophil

What type of WBC is seen in this image?

Basophils

What type of WBC is seen in this image?

Monocytes

What type of WBC is seen in this image?

Lymphocyte

What type of WBC is seen in this image?

Necrosis causes inflammation because of intracellular contents being disbursed to the surrounding tissue?

What is the difference between necrosis and apoptosis?

Neutrophils

What is the most common WBC found circulating in the blood?

Phagocytosis, first line defense, and the release PAF, leukotrienes, prostaglandins, and lysosomal enzymes

What is the function of Neutrophils?

Responds to allergic reactions, parasitic infection, and Hodgkin's disease by releasing histaminase from granules

What is the function of Eosinophils?

Responds to type I hypersensitivity reactions by releasing histamine and heparin

What is the function of Basophils?

Basophils

What is the least common WBC found circulating in the blood?

Phagocytosis, APC, and release inflammatory mediators; the central figure of chromic inflammation

What is the function of Monocytes/Macrophages?

Lymphocytes

What is the second most circulating WBC in the blood?

B cells

What type of lymphocyte is involved in humoral immunity and becomes a plasma cell?

T cells

What type of lymphocyte is involved in cell-mediated immunity?

Coagulation necrosis

What pattern of necrosis is characterized as the preservation of cellular outline?

Ischemia

What is the etiology of coagulative necrosis?

Liquefactive necrosis

What pattern of necrosis is characterized by the destruction of tissue by dissolution?

Neutrophil

What WBC is commonly seen in liquefactive necrosis giving it the "cracked pepper" appearance?

Purulent exudate

What kind of exudate is associated with Liquefactive necrosis?

Bacterial or fungal infection

What is the most common etiology of liquefactive necrosis?

Abscess

What is an area of liquefactive necrosis walled off by fibrous connective tissue?

Enzymatic fat necrosis

What pattern of necrosis is characterized by the enzymatic destruction of adipose cells?

Gangrenous necrosis

What pattern of necrosis is characterized by the lost of blood supply leading to a gross color change?

Extremities

What body parts does gangrenous necrosis usually occur in?

Loss of blood supply or diabetes

What is the common etiology of gangrenous necrosis?

Caseous necrosis

What pattern of necrosis is characterized by the resemblance of cheese?

Tuberculosis

What is the most common etiology of caseous necrosis?

Caseous necrosis

What type of necrosis always elicits a chronic inflammatory response?

Dystrophic calcification

What type of calcification is characterized as localized depositions of calcium salts in injured tissues?

Metastatic calcification

What type of calcification occurs systemically and results in hypercalcemia?

Enzymatic fat necrosis

What type of necrosis is being seen here?

Neutrophils

What type of WBC comprise the bulk of the inflammatory cells seen here?

Alcohol abuse and gallstones

What are the 2 most common causes of acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis?

Dystrophic calcification

What type of calcification is seen here?

Caseous necrosis

What type of necrosis is seen in this hemoptysis granuloma?

Liquefactive necrosis

What type of necrosis is seen here?

Leukopenia

What the the term for an abnormally low WBC count?

Leukocytosis

What is the term for an abnormally high WBC count?

Monocytes

What type of WBC plays an important role in chronic inflammation?

Dilation of blood vessels, anticoagulant effect, and increased vascular permeability

What is physiological response to the granules in basophils (histamine, heparin, and SRS-A)?

Coagulative necrosis

What type of necrosis do myocardial cells undergo when an myocardial infarction occurs?

Coagulative necrosis

What type of necrosis is seen in this cardiac muscle?

Gangrenous necrosis

What type of necrosis is seen in this image?

Liquefactive necrosis

What type of necrosis do cells undergo when a stroke occurs?>

1. During development and physiology

2. Elimates obsolescent cells

3. Deleting mutant cells

4. Defense against dissemination of infection

Under what four conditions does apoptosis occur?

Acute and Chronic

What are the two possible patterns of inflammation?

1. Complete resolution

2. Abscess formation

3. Healing by fibrosis (scarring)

4. Becomes chronic inflammation

What are the possible outcomes of an acute inflammation?

Neutrophils and later macrophages

What are the WBC associated with acute inflammation?

Tissue injury and healing by fibrosis (scarring)

What are the possible outcomes of a chronic inflammation?

Lymphocytes and macrophages

What are the WBC's associated with chronic inflammation?

Edema

What is the accumulation of fluid within the extra vascular compartment?

Transudate

What type of edema is characterized as a non-inflammatory fluid accumulationwith low protein content?

Exudate

What type of edema is characterized as an inflammatory fluid accumulation with high protein concentration die to the presence of inflammatory cells?

Serous exudate

What type of exudate is characterized by a low WBC count and appears as a yellow, straw-like color?

Purulent exudate

What type of exudate is characterized by a high WBC count and appears white colored?

Pus

What is another name for a Purulent exudate?

Fibrinous exudate

What type of exudate is characterized of having a large amount of fibrin?

Serous inflammation

What morphological pattern of acute inflammation is characterized as edema with low WBC count and typically seen injuries like skin blisters?

Fibrinous inflammation

What morphological pattern of acute inflammation is characterized as the inflammation in the lining of the body cavities and serosal surfaces?

Suppurative inflammation

What morphological pattern of acute inflammation is associated with pus formation?

Purulent exudate

What type of edema is associated with suppurative inflammation?

Ulcerative inflammation

What morphological pattern of acute inflammation is associated with the erosion of the surface of an organ/tissue due to shedding of necrotic tissue

Granulomatous inflammation

What morphological pattern of inflammation is always chronic?