3.3 Empires: Belief Systems - AP World

Lutheranism (95 Theses)

Martin Luther said many practices violated the bible. He went against indulgences (something that prevents punishment) and simony (selling of church offices) and nailed his theses to a church door

Wittenberg’s Reaction

This was the city Lutheranism started. The church in reaction was raged, however German leaders sided with him and this caused a split in the Roman Catholic Church and the Holy Roman Empire

Luther’s Impact on Women

He taught that women could have direct access to God as well and significant roles in family

Calvinism

This held a Protestant work ethic. John Calvin broke w the Catholic Church and had followers from his home country France called Huguenots. His principles were that who went to heaven ran the community. Calvinists worked hard to get closer to God

Protestant Reformation

This defined the various efforts to reform one’s own religion and work hard for prosperity and leadership

Angilicanism

England’s Henry VIII could not marry a new wife, so he became head of the Church of England, or pope-free Anglican Church

Holy Synod

Peter’s way of reform. This was composed of clergymen who answered to the tsar

Counter Reformation

This went against the Protestant reformation. The Roman Catholic Church embarked on this to fight against them. This led to Catholicism remaining in W Europe, Spanish, Portuguese and French colonies

Three of the Counter Reformation

The Inquisition punished non-believers, Jesuits were missionaries through the Spanish empire, Japan and India, and the Council of Trent reaffirmed rituals of the church’s abuses

Catholics vs Huegenots

These two religions fought in France. Henry VIII issued the Edict of Nantes to unify the country, providing tolerance. This also led to social and economic effects

Thirty Years’ War

In 1618, this was a conflict between Catholics and Protestants in Europe, having economic consequences. Resulted in famine, starvation and disease.

Peace of Westphalia

This was the outcome of the Thirty Years’ War. It allowed areas of the Holy Roman Empire to choose a religion, which led to Catholicism in France, Spain and Italy, N Europe was Protestant. This choice led to more autonomy and stronger military from TYW

Mughal Toleration

This was an empire’s practice of rule for all religions. Akbar sponsored churches of religions and gave land grants for Sikhism (Hindu+Sufi). He gave Hindus places in government and encouraged art and literature

Scientific Revolution

This was where scientific reasoning was favored over faith. Empiricism by Francis Bacon taught that a hypothesis is backed up by data, Isaac Newton worked on Principia that led to a vision of the world, and all this led to the Enlightenment’s ideas