RT209 OTHER RADIOGRAPHIC EQUIPMENT

Film Cassette Changers

Used in rapid and serial exposure

Cut Film Changer

Maximum of 6 per second

Roll Film Changer

Maximum of 12 per second

6 per second

Cut Film Changer has a maximum of??

12 per second

Roll Film Changer has a maximum of??

Manual Cassette Changer

Up to 1 exposure per second

1 exposure per second

Manual Cassette Changer is up to??

cerebral angiography

Manual Cassette Changer Usually used in ______________________ where blood is flow is slow

• 3 to 5 cassettes - holder - large spring

Manual Cassette Changer _________________ held together in a ________ by a __________

Automatic Cassette Changer

Designed to accomplish rapid serialization of examination

3 exposure per second

Automatic Cassette Changer is up to??

A = Supply of Unexposed Cassette

B = Conveying Chain

C = Box for Exposed Cassette

D = Driving pin, moving the Cassette to the Box

Automatic Cassette Changer Components:

Photofluoroscopy Unit

The photography of the image obtained on a fluoroscopic screen.

permanent record

Photofluoroscopy Unit is a _______________ is made through the fluoroscopic unit

Cinefluoro Unit

A specialized x-ray machine that uses a diagnostic technique in which a camera is used to record moving images of internal body structures produced through fluoroscopy

• Radiographic Units

• Fluoroscopic Units

Two types of Mobile Equipment:

• Direct Power

• Battery Power

• Capacitor - Discharge

• High Frequency

The Four Components of Radiographic Unit:

can vary in the radiation output for a given exposure technique.

Mobile x-ray units / Mobile Radiographic Imaging

• care - transporting - manipulating - patient’s bedside

Mobile Radiographic Imaging In addition, _____ must be exercised in _____________ and ___________ the mobile unit at the ______________.

Fluoroscopic Units

Usually used to aid the physician during surgery or angiographic studies

• Physician during surgery

• Angiographic studies

Fluoroscopic Units Usually used to aid the _______________ and _______________

• Chest

• Panoramic X-Ray

• Bone Densitometry

• Mammography

Four modalities that uses Dedicated Units:

Chest Unit

A dedicated chest unit is designed to image the thorax in the upright position

Panoramic X-ray

(Panorex) designed to image curved surfaces, typically the mandible of the teeth.

Panorex

Panoramic X-ray is also known as?

dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA or DEXA)

Bone Densitometer Also known as??

Bone Densitometer

enhanced form of x-ray technology that is used to measure bone loss.

• specialized procedure - ionizing radiation - information - skeletal bones

Bone Densitometer Bone:

• a _____________ using ________________ to provide _____________ on the condition of the ____________

• anatomic regions - two different x-ray energies - soft tissue attenuation

Bone Densitometer:

• The _______________ are scanned with ______________________ to isolate bone from __________________

• DXA scintillation detectors - x-ray photons - proportionally - visible light - measured - sent - data analysis

Bone Densitometer:

• The ____________________ absorb the __________ and convert the energy _____________ to __________, which is ___________ and _____ to a computer for ____________.

• T – Score

• Z – Score

Two score types of Bone Densitometer

T – Score

Indicates fracture risk

Z – Score

May signify the need to evaluate patient for secondary causes of osteoporosis

• secondary - osteoporosis

Z – Score May signify the need to evaluate patient for __________ causes of _______________

• Central device

• Peripheral device

2 Types of DXA Equipment:

Mammography

Is a specialized radiographic imaging procedure of the breast

Low

Mammography uses ____ kVp.

24 to 34 kVp

Mammography:

• Low kVp is used (____________)

0.1 to 0.3 mm

Mammography:

• Focal spot size used is ______________

Mammography:

• Exit port is made up of _____________

Exit port

is made up of beryllium

Focal spot size

used is 0.1 to 0.3 mm

Low kVp

is used (24 to 34 kVp)

• tube anode constructed molybdenum and rhodium

• a molybdenum or rhodium-composed tube filter

• a beryllium port window

• smaller focal spot sizes for improved resolution

• compression for imaging a more uniform breast

• the ability to magnify areas of the breast

Dedicated Mammography Units

• Unique features if a dedicated mammography unit include the ability to produce low kVp photons by using a:

Mammography and Xeroradiography

First attempted in 1920

Robert Egan

demonstrated a successful mammographic technique

Late 1950’s

YEAR when Robert Egan demonstrated a successful mammographic technique

Wolf and Ruzicka

xeroradiography developed by?

1960’s

YEAR when xeroradiography developed by Wolf and Ruzicka

Xeroradiography

The making of radiographs by a dry, totally photoelectric process, using metal plates coated with a semiconductor, such as selenium

Selenium

Xeroradiography uses a semiconductor such as??

• Immobilizes breast

• Less thickness tissue

• Uniform thickness

• Reduces scatter radiation

• Position closer to image receptor

• Thinner tissue

Purpose of Compression during Mammography:

• tungsten (Z = 74)

• molybdenum (Z = 42)

• rhodium (Z = 45)

Target Composition Made of

20 to 35 kVp

Target Composition Range of kVp use is from??

74

tungsten (Z = ___)

42

molybdenum (Z = ____)

45

rhodium (Z = ___)

Target Composition

• Made of tungsten (Z = 74), molybdenum (Z = 42) or a rhodium (Z = 45)

• Range of kVp use is from 20 to 35 kVp

Focal Spot

• Circular or rectangular

• (0.6/0.3), (0.5/0.2), (0.4/0.1)

• Circular

• Rectangular

Focal spot can be ___________ or ____________

• (0.6/0.3)

• (0.5/0.2)

• (0.4/0.1)

Focal Spot (__________), (__________), (__________)

• 30 to 60 microns of molybdenum or rhodium

Filtration Should be filtered with??

X-ray tube window

is made up of beryllium (Z=4), or borosilicate

0.1 mm Al equivalent

Inherent filtration =

3 micrometer

If molybdenum target is used, molybdenum filtration of ____________ is used

50 micrometer

If rhodium target is used, rhodium filtration of _____________ is used

• Moving Grids

• Grid ratio

• Grid frequency

Grids:

4:1 or 5:1

Grid ratio =

30 lines per centimeter

Grid frequency =

• Film – Screen system

• Single emulsion film

Film:

• The Cylinder (or cone)

• Tube

Dental X-ray Unit:

The cylinder

is affixed to the tube head and is used to align the tube head with the patient and the X-ray film

Tube

contains all the components necessary to generate x-rays

Cone

The Cylinder also known as??

Cone

The Cylinder is also known as??