kinen305 exam 4

Vertebral curves (cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral)

Cervical & lumbar convex anterior; thoracic & sacral concave anterior

Joint motions (neck & trunk)

Flexion, extension, hyperextension, lateral bending, rotation

Atlanto-occipital motion

Flexion/extension with coupling during protraction/retraction

Vertebra landmarks

Body, neural arch, vertebral foramen, pedicle, lamina, transverse process, spinous process, articular processes

Unique vertebral landmarks

Atlas (C1), Axis (C2), dens, transverse foramen, costal facets

Rib landmarks

Head, neck, tubercle, shaft, angle, sternal end, costal cartilage

Joints of trunk

Facet joints, intervertebral joints

Ligaments of trunk

Anterior/posterior longitudinal, supraspinous, interspinous, ligamentum flavum, nuchal ligament

Anterior neck muscles

Sternocleidomastoid, scalenes, prevertebrals

Posterior neck muscles

Erector spinae, splenius capitis/cervicis, suboccipitals

Trunk muscles (anterior/lateral)

Rectus abdominis, external/internal oblique, transverse abdominis, intercostals

Deep trunk muscle

Diaphragm

Posterior trunk muscles

Erector spinae, transversospinalis, interspinales, intertransversarii, quadratus lumborum

Pelvic joints

2 SI joints, pubic symphysis, lumbosacral joint

SI joint type

Synovial, nonaxial

SI joint motions

Nutation and counternutation

Nutation

Sacrum anterior/inferior (trunk flexion, hip extension)

Counternutation

Sacrum posterior/superior (trunk extension, hip flexion)

Pelvic motions

Anterior tilt, posterior tilt, lateral tilt, rotation

Pelvic bones

Ilium, ischium, pubis, sacrum, coccyx

Ilium landmarks

Iliac crest, ASIS, AIIS, PSIS, PIIS, iliac fossa

Ischium landmarks

Ischial spine, tuberosity, ramus

Pubis landmarks

Pubic crest, tubercle, symphysis, rami

SI ligaments

Anterior, interosseous, posterior SI, sacrotuberous, sacrospinous, iliolumbar

Pubic symphysis ligaments

Superior and inferior pubic ligaments

Hip joint type

Ball-and-socket synovial

Hip motions

Flexion, extension, hyperextension, abduction, adduction, medial/lateral rotation

Hip ROM

Flexion 120°, extension 15°, abduction 45°, adduction 25°, rotation 45°

Femur landmarks

Head, neck, greater/lesser trochanter, condyles, linea aspera

Hip ligaments

Iliofemoral, pubofemoral, ischiofemoral, ligamentum teres, labrum

Iliopsoas (OIA + N)

O: iliac fossa/T12-L5 I: lesser trochanter A: flexion N: femoral (L2-L3)

Rectus femoris

O: AIIS I: tibia A: hip flexion/knee extension N: femoral (L2-L4)

Sartorius

O: ASIS I: medial tibia A: flex/abd/ER N: femoral (L2-L3)

Pectineus

O: pubis I: femur A: flexion/adduction N: femoral (L2-L3)

Adductors

Action: adduction N: obturator nerve

Gracilis

Action: adduction/knee flexion N: obturator (L2-L3)

Glute max

O: sacrum/coccyx I: femur/IT band A: extension/ER N: inferior gluteal (L5-S2)

Angle of inclination

Angle between femoral neck and shaft

Angle of torsion

Twist between femoral neck and condyles

Lordotic posture

Anterior pelvic tilt, increased lumbar curve

Flat-back posture

Posterior pelvic tilt, decreased lumbar curve

Scoliosis

Lateral curve with convexity side

High hip

Pelvic lateral tilt with trunk compensation

C1-C3

Cervical motion

L1-L2

Hip flexion

S1

Hip extension

Flexion

Decreases joint angle

Extension

Increases joint angle

Abduction

Away from midline

Adduction

Toward midline

Rotation

Movement around longitudinal axis