grammar hesi exam

Euphemism

a mild, indirect, or polite word or expression substituted for one considered to be too harsh, blunt, or offensive (ex: Passed away" instead of died)

complex sentence

has an independent clause (“the child blew on the bowl of soup”) and at least one dependent clause (“because it was too hot”).

indirect object

the person or thing that is receiving the direct object. Shane received the game ball.

find the noun in the sentence : A drop of paint left a stain on her blouse.

the word “drop” refers to a spherical mass of fluid. It is a thing, therefore it is a noun.

simple subject

It is the person, place, thing, or idea that is doing something or being described

dependent clause

does not express a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a complete sentence.

direct object

A direct object is the person or thing that is receiving the action of the verb (developed).  We can ask ourselves, “Developed what?

compound sentence

a sentence that has at least two independent clauses (“I’ve run out of lightbulbs” and “I’m adding them to the shopping list”) that are joined by a semicolon or, in this case, a comma and a conjunction (so)

complete subject

the person, place, thing, or idea that is doing something or being described, along with all of its modifiers.

simple sentence

a sentence consisting of only one clause, with a single subject (tomatoes) and predicate (are).

Which of the following sentences uses “custom” as a noun?

In their culture, it is a custom to bow to each other as a sign of gratitude.

verb

the main word in a sentence that expresses an action, an occurrence, or a state of being

ex: shai is working on it (working=verb), odell worked last night (worked=verb)

adjective

a word that describes, modifies, or gives more information about a noun or a pronoun

ex: he is so nice (nice= adjective) , the chemistry book (chemistry= adjective)

pronoun

takes the place of a noun (ex: she is a doctor, she=pronoun)

possessive pronoun or singular pronoun

shows ownership (ex: the boy is mine, mine= possessive noun or that is his wife, his= possessive pronoun)

personal pronoun or plural pronoun

refers to a specific person, place, thing, or idea (ex: they all finished nursing school, they= personal pronoun).

adverb

a word, phrase, or clause that modifies a verb, adjective or another adverb

ex: micheal phelps swims well (swims = verb, well= adverb)

preposition

shows the relationship or expresses the location of a noun or a pronoun

ex: the patient sat on the wheelchair (sat=preposition) , dr.kendall parked in the garage today (in the garage= preposition)

conjuction

a word that joins phrases, words or clauses

ex: and, but, nor, either, so, for, or, yet

interjection

expresses emotion or exclamation

ex: yikes!, wow!,oops!, etc

comma

used to join two independent clauses, usually with a conjunction. separates items in a list and setting apart phrases

colon

used for introducing a list or definition

ex: (bactera: single-celled organism)

semicolon

used to join together two independent clauses. not used with conjunctions

ex: I ordered school supplies from amazon; it is so easy

apostrophe

usd to form contractions and to show possesion

ex: the patient’s doctor is on line 3

quotation mark

used to indicate a quote

parenthesis

used to offer extra information

sentences

a group of words that expresses a complete thought that contains a subject and a predicate

subject

what the sentence is about (main topic)

phrase

a group of two or more words that act a single part of speech in a sentence

ex: the flu clinic had seen many cases of infectious disease

predicate

what is said about the subject

ex: Dr. English sent two medication orders two hours ago ("Dr. English"=subject, “ sent two medication orders” = predicate)

clauses

a group of words that has a subject and predicate

• independent and dependent

clauses examples

ex: Dr. Williams distributed the exams as soon as the students were seated

Independent: "Dr. Williams distributed the exams”; Dependent: “as soon as the students were seated."

dependent clauses

dependent on an independent sentence , without a independent sentence it wouldnt be gramatically correct

independent clauses

sentences or words that can stand alone without additional information

declarative sentences

makes a statement

ex: I went to school today

interrogative sentences

asks a question

ex: did you paass your hesi exam?

imperative sentences

makes a request or command

ex: can you lower the volume please? , shut up!

exclamatory sentence

makes an exclamation

ex: wow! , what!

compound sentence

two more independent clauses (independent sentences) that are joined together by a conjunction

ex: the professor thought the exam was too easy, but the students thought it was hard

run-on sentence

two or more independent clauses (complete sentences) are written. as though they were one sentence

ex: I love to study I would study everyday if i had more time , Today was the best day I ever had I got accepted into nursing school

fragments

incomplete sentences.

• a sentence must have a subject and a verb and be a complete thought.

• when a dependent clause or a phrase is presented as a sentence, it is a fragment

ex: I sent bobby to the store. Because we’d run out of milk

comma splice

occur when independent clauses are not separated with a period, or joined by a comma and a coordinating conjunction. a comma cannot be used to join two independent clauses

ex: he fell into a deep mediative state, his pulse slowed down to practically nothing

euphemism

a mild, indirect , or vague term that has been substituted for one that is considered harsh, blunt or offensive

ex: he died- he passed away , garbage man- janitor, old people- senior citizen

sexist language

refers to spoken or written styles that do not reflect the presence of women

ex: fireman- firefighter , policeman-police officer , mail man- mail carrierfirefighter,

i.e.

(that is) specifies or explains

ex: the medulla and the pons, i.e. parts of the brainstem in humans that regulates our breathing

e.g.

gives examples

ex: Aunt Sabrina loves fruit, e.g., kiwi, apples, oranges, and pineapples.

lay

to put in place, refers to a direct object (lay, laid, laying)

ex: janae laid the rug on the floor

lie

to recline, to be in or to rest

ex: yesterday was my lazy day, so I was lying all day

effect (noun)

result or outcome

ex: the effects of eating healthy helped her lose 20 pounds , the special effects during the movie was awesome.

affect (verb)

influence or change

ex: the loud music affected her ability to concentrate on the test.

farther

measurable difference (physical distance/length)

ex: she fell farther than she expected. autumn ran farther then henry today

further

figurative distance to a greater degree (metaphorical distance)

ex: the suspect has nothing further to say, school was cancelled until further notice

which

used to introduce non-essential clauses

ex: my phone, which is an iPhone 13, is new. Acetaminophen is a analgestic drug which reduces fever

that

used to introduce essential clauses

ex: that boy is my brother

who

to ask a question

ex: who are you? who is this? who is teaching today?

whom

to ask which person receives an action

ex: to whom may this concern, whom is to blame for this?, the man whom was here yesterday was a nurse

whose

to find out which person or thing something belongs to

ex: whose lighter is this? whose man is this?

fewer

refers to a number or things can be counted

ex: the professor had fewer students in class today than yesterday

less

refers to an amount of things in abstract (uncountable)

ex: the beach is less than 5 minutes away , it is better for the enviornment if we use less plastic bottles

could/can

can: refers to a general truth or something that has a strong possibility

could: refers to something that has a weak possibility

ex: Could you pass me the salt, please? Can you be quiet please?

may/might

may: indicates that you are more likely to do something

might: suggests that you are less likely to do something

ex: it may rain later so bring your umbrellas and raincoats. She might have met him yesterday

good

an adjective used before nouns

ex: she smells good, he is a good person

well

used as an adverb

ex: my patient is doing well, I did well on the final exam

Which of the following sentences uses “refrain” as a noun?

His constant refrain about the importance of teamwork became tiresome after a while.

Which word in the following sentence is a noun?

He showed great bravery by saving them yesterday.

bravery

Which word in the following sentence is an adjective?

Buenos Aires is a beautiful city to visit during the spring.

beautiful

linking verb

used to describe the subject (the noun or pronoun the sentence is about), to link two ideas together, or to describe a state of being

ex: is, are, were, be, being, am, become, seem, appear, feel, grow, look, remain, smell, sound, stay, taste, turn

Which word in the following sentence is a verb?

The woman eagerly accepted the job offer last week.

accepted

Which word in the following sentence is a preposition?

The cleaning staff got locked outside the building and waited there an entire hour.

outside

simple subject

The person, place, thing, or idea that is doing something or being described.

complete subject

the simple subject and any of its modifiers (adjectives).

Simple Predicate

the verb that states something about the subject of the sentence.

Complete Predicate

the verb and all the words after it that tell us what happened in the sentence. To find the complete predicate, you first find the verb or the verb phrase. Then you must include all of the words after the verb that tell us what happened in the sentence

complete verb

A verb phrase that consists of the main verb and helping verbs.

• Examples: “Has seen,” “May be going,” “went running,” “is eating”

predicate adjective

An adjective that follows a linking verb and helps to modify or describe the subject.

ex:

Predicate Nominative

A noun or pronoun that follows a linking verb and helps to explain or rename the subject.

linking verb

Describes the subject’s state of being or condition. It is not an action verb. Hint: if you can replace a verb in a sentence with “is” and it still makes sense, it is a linking verb!