anatomy final exam

how does the hypothalamus factor into the endocrine system

The hypothalamus controls the anterior pituitary gland by secreting releasing hormones and the posterior pituitary receives info from the nervous system

GH function

stimulates growth and maintains muscles and bone mass

prolactin function

stimulates and sustains milk production after birth

TSH function

makes thyroid hormone

ATCH function

stimulates production of cortisol. and cortisone by adrenal cortex

FSH function

promotes sperm production and prepares egg for ovulation

LH function

responsible for ovulation and regulation of testosterone in both sexes

oxytocin function

causes milk letdown and uterine contraction

ADH function

regulates water balance and decreases urine production

Calcitonin function

regulates blood concentration of calcium and phosphate ions

T3 function

increases metabolism 5x more potent than T4

T4 function

increases metabolism

parathormone function

takes calcium in bones to make it available in the blood; increases blood calcium levels

epinephrine function

increases hr, breathing, BP and fight or flight

Norepinephrine

increases hr, breathing, BP, and fight or flight

Aldosterone

mineralocorticoid, helps kidneys converse sodium and excrete potassium, maintain blood volumes and BP

cortisol

glucocorticoid; keeps blood glucose stable, promotes normal cell metabolism, helps resist long-term stressors

insulin

allows cells to take in sugar, decrease blood calcium levels

glucagon

increases blood sugar levels

melatonin

high levels make us drowsy to sleep at night

thymosin

influence immunity in kids, aids in white blood production

testosterone

sperm production

estrogen

helps maintains pregnancy and prepares tissue for breast milk

progesterone

prepares uterus for pregnancy

what hormone does the adrenal cortex produce

aldosterone, cortisol,androgen

what hormone does the adrenal medulla produce

norepinephrine and epinephrine

myosin

protein that makes up thick filaments in a muscle fiber

fascia

outside of the epimysium (surrounding muscle) layer of loose connective tissue; tough elastic

sarcomere

contractile unit of muscle fiber which extends from 1 z lin to next z line

myology

study of muscles

insertion

end of muscle attached to the movable bone

origin

the location where the muscle is attached to the immovable end of the bone

prime mover

the muscle that provides most of the movement

synergist

muscle that assists the prime mover

actin

protein that makes up the thin filaments

antagonist

the muscle that opposes the action of the prime mover

flexion

bending part at joint to decrease angle between them

extension

moving joint so angle between them increases

abduction

moving a part away from the midline

adduction

moving a part toward the midline

rotation

moving a part around a axis (turning head from side to side)

circumduction

moving part so that its ends follow a circular path

pronation

turning hands so palm is downward

supination

turning hands so the palm is upward

inversion

turning sole of foot inward

eversion

turning sole of foot outward

dorsiflexion

flexing foot

plantar flexion

pointing toes

functions of skeletal muscle

movement, maintaining posture, stabilizing joints, producing heat

frontalis action

wrinkle forehead, raises eyebrows

zygomaticus action

draws mouth laterally

orbicularis oculi

blinking,squinting, forcefully closing eyes

orbicularis oris

purses, puckers lips

masseter

closes mouth

sternocleidomastoid

flexe’s /rotate’s cervical vertebrae

deltoid

abducts arm

pectoralis major

flexes, adducts and rotates arm

biceps brachii

supinates forearm, flexes forearm at elbow

brachioradialis

flexes forearm at elbow

rectus abdominis

flexes trunk

external oblique

abducts and rotates trunk

sartorius

flexes, abducts, laterally rotates thigh at hip

rectus femoris

extends leg at knee, flexes thigh at hip

vastus lateralis

extends knee

vastus medialis

extends knee, stabilizes patella

tibialis anterior

dorsiflexes and inverts the foot at ankle

trapezius

elevates, adducts and rotates scapula

tricep brachii

extends forearm

extensor carpi ulnaris

extends and adducts hand at wrist

latissimus dorsi

extends, adducts, and medially rotates the arm and adducts shoulder

gluteus maximus

extends and laterally rotates hip

gluteus medius

abducts thigh at hip

biceps femoris

flexes and laterally rotates knee

gastrocnemius

plantar flexes foot

fontanel

soft spot in the skull where membranes cover the space between bones

staples

looks like stirrup in ear

arthritis

inflammation of a joint

foramen

opening through bone that is a passage for blood vessels and nerves

process

prominent projection on a bone

incus

in ear shaped like a anvil

hyoid

u shaped bone in neck that supports the tongue

tendonitis

inflammation of a tendon

suture

interlocking line of union between bone

sinus

cavity within a bone

osteoporosis

loss of bone density

condyle

rounded articular projection

sesamoid bone

small, round bone embedded in a tendon

malleus

shaped like a mallet or hammer and hits the incus in the ear

axial skeleton contains/purpose

contains the head and trunk and has purpose of protection

appendicular skeleton parts/purpose

limbs and bones that anchor themselves to the axial skeleton, the purpose is movement

synarthrose

immovable joint

amphiarthrose

slightly moveable joint

diarthrose

freely moving joint

fibrous joints

ex. sutures

immovable

connected by tough fibers

cartilaginous joints

ex. intervertebral joints

connected by cartilage

slightly movable

synovial joints

ex. ball socket hip

connected by a synovial membrane

freely moving

cervical vertebrae

first 7

atlas: C1. axis C2

thoracic vertebrae

next 12

lumbar vertebrae

next 5

sacrum

5 fused vertebrae at lowest part of vertebral column