Health Psych Ch 12 Study Guide

Epidemiological transition

A shift in the disease pattern of a population as mortality falls: acute, infectious diseases are reduced, while chronic, noncommunicable diseases increases in prevalence

The global burden of communicable diseases is generally about the same for men and women, with two exceptions. The exceptions are _____, which affects more men than women, and _____, which ranks higher as a cause of death for women than men.

tuberculosis; HIV/AIDS

Which STI has a hard sore at the infection site as an initial symptom?

syphilis

During the second stage of HIV infection:

there are no obvious symptoms.

A retrovirus works by:

injecting a copy of its own genetic material into the DNA of a host cell.

The optimum treatment for HIV involves several:

antiretroviral drugs.

Dynamic tailoring

The delivery of individualized and targeted health messages over multiple periods of time

Shania is an African American teenager who is sexually active. What is MOST likely to predict whether Shania uses a condom when having sex?

partner communication

Between 2005 and 2015, the proportion of high school students who had sexual intercourse:

decreased by about 5 percentage points.

Generally speaking, mass media education campaigns emphasizing how AIDS is transmitted have:

been quite successful.

Sexually transmitted infection (STI)

Infections that are spread primarily through person-to-person sexual contact

Retrovirus

A virus that copies its genetic information onto the DNA of a host cell

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)

The most advanced stages of HIV infection, defined by a T cell count of less than 200 and the occurrence of opportunistic infections of HIV-related cancers that take advantage of a weakened immune system

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

A virus that infects cells of the immune system, destroying or impairing their function

What are some examples of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs)?

heart disease, cancer, chronic respiratory disease, diabetes

Why do communicable disease disproportionately impact low-income countries?

• More likely to have the knowledge and ability to protect themselves from diarrhea and parasitic diseases that are often spread by unsafe water

• Less likely to live in overcrowded conditions

• More likely to be able to immunize their children against vaccine-preventable disease

Genital Human Papillomavirus (HPV) - How it Spreads; Symptoms

• How It Spreads - Genital contact during unprotected vaginal, anal, or oral sex

• Symptoms - Usually asymptomatic, but can lead to genital warts and certain cancers

Chlamydia - How it Spreads; Symptoms

• How It Spreads - Contacted with infected semen or vaginal fluids during unprotected vaginal, anal, or oral sex

• Symptoms - Possible vaginal pain during sex or urination; discharge or itchy feeling in penis; painful urination, infection of throat or anus; if untreated, may cause infertility, arthritis, pelvic pain, pelvic inflammatory disease, ectopic pregnancy. Symptoms are usually absent for people with vaginas, but most people with penises do develop symptoms

Trichomoniasis - How it Spreads; Symptoms

• How It Spreads - Genital contact during unprotected sex

• Symptoms - Usually asymptomatic, but symptoms can develop long after a person becomes infected; symptoms include itching or irritation in the penis; burning during urination or ejaculation; discharge from the penis; itching or soreness of the vagina; vaginal discomfort during urination; vaginal discharge; may make people more vulnerable to infection with other STIs

Gonorrhea - How it Spreads; Symptoms

• How It Spreads - Contact with infected semen or vaginal fluids during unprotected vaginal, anal, or oral sex

• Symptoms - Vaginal discharge; thick yellow-green discharge from the penis; pain while urination; pain, bleeding, and discharge in the rectum if infected; if untreated, may cause arthritis, infertility, and infection of the brain, heart, or liver

Genital Herpes - How it Spreads; Symptoms

• How It Spreads - Skin-to-skin touch during unprotected vaginal, anal, or oral sex; more likely to spread if the infected person is currently having an outbreak, but can be transmitted in the absence of symptoms

• Symptoms - Fatigue, painful blisters in the infected area; virus can hide in nerve ending and cause pain in the remote parts of the body such as the legs

Syphilis - How it Spreads; Symptoms

• How It Spreads - Contact with syphilitic sores during unprotected vaginal, anal, or oral sex

• Symptoms - Fallows predictable stages: (1) hard sore called a chancre at the site of infection; (2) skin rash on the palms of the hands and soles of the feed, swollen lymph nodes, and fever; (3) latent stage with no symptoms; (4) tertiary syphilis

Hepatitis B/C/D (HB/C/DV) - How it Spreads; Symptoms

• How It Spreads - Contact with blood, semen, or other bodily fluids of an infected person either through sex or through sharing items like needles, razors, or toothbrushes

• Symptoms - Long-term effects include scarring of the liver and liver cancer; effects develop slowly, so symptoms often go unnoticed

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) - How it Spreads; Symptoms

• How It Spreads - Unprotected vaginal or anal sex; exchange of blood with an infected person; parent-to-child transmission during birth or through breast feeding

• Symptoms - Reduces the ability of the immune system to defend the body from infection; if untreated, develops into acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)

Opportunistic infections

infections that prey on the weakened immune system

What are some examples of opportunistic infections?

Pneumonia and certain cancers