APWH Unit Test 3 - Vocab

Geneva Accords

• 1954 agreement ending French rule in Vietnam

• Divided Vietnam at the 17th parallel into North (communist) and South (non-communist)

• Set up future conflict leading to the Vietnam War

Welfare State

• Government provides social services like healthcare, education, and unemployment aid.

• Expanded after WWII in Europe to improve quality of life.

• Funded through taxes.

British Commonwealth

• Association of former British colonies.

• Promotes cooperation in trade, politics, and culture.

• Shows continued British influence after decolonization.

Service Industry

• Economic sector focused on services, not goods (banking, healthcare, retail).

• Became dominant in developed economies after industrialization.

• Key part of modern economies.

Evangelical Protestant

• Christian movement emphasizing personal faith and conversion.

• Focus on spreading religion (missionary work).

• Influential in politics, especially in the U.S.

Persian Gulf War

• 1990–1991 war after Iraq invaded Kuwait.

• U.S.-led coalition forced Iraq out.

• Showed U.S. military dominance post-Cold War.

Euro

• Common currency used by many European Union countries.

• Introduced to unify European economies.

• Facilitates trade and economic cooperation.

Mass Consumerism

• Culture of widespread buying of goods.

• Expanded after WWII due to economic growth.

• Driven by advertising and rising incomes.

Green Revolution

• Introduction of high-yield crops, fertilizers, and irrigation.

• Increased food production in developing countries.

• Reduced famine but caused environmental issues.

Cholera

• Waterborne bacterial disease.

• Causes severe dehydration and death if untreated.

• Linked to poor sanitation.

HIV / AIDS

• Virus (HIV) attacks immune system; AIDS is advanced stage.

• Global epidemic starting in late 20th century.

• Spread through bodily fluids.

Pan-Africanism

• Movement promoting unity of African nations and people of African descent.

• Encouraged independence from colonial rule.

• Influenced leaders like Nkrumah.

Global Warming

• Long-term rise in Earth’s temperature.

• Caused mainly by human activities like burning fossil fuels.

• Leads to climate change impacts.

Greenhouse Gases

• Gases like CO₂ and methane that trap heat in atmosphere.

• Major cause of global warming.

• Increased due to industrialization.

Pacific Rim

• Countries bordering the Pacific Ocean.

• Known for strong economic growth (Japan, China, U.S., etc.).

• Major center of global trade.

Propaganda

• Information used to influence opinions.

• Often biased or misleading.

• Used heavily in wars and political campaigns.

Refugee

• Person forced to flee their country.

• Causes: war, persecution, disasters.

• Major global issue in modern era.

Québécois Separatist Movement

• Movement in Canada seeking independence.

• Based on preserving French language and culture.

• Led to referendums in 1980 and 1995.

Segregation

• Forced separation of racial groups.

• Common in U.S. (Jim Crow laws) and South Africa (apartheid).

• Ended through civil rights movements.

Self-Determination

• Right of people to choose their own government.

• Key idea in decolonization after WWII.

• Supported independence movements.

Terrorism

• Use of violence to create fear for political goals.

• Often targets civilians.

• Became global concern in late 20th–21st centuries.

Totalitarianism

• Government with total control over public and private life.

• Uses propaganda, censorship, and force.

• Examples: Nazi Germany, Stalinist USSR.

Globalization

• Increasing global connections in trade, culture, and communication.

• Driven by technology and transportation.

• Creates both economic growth and inequality.

Ida B. Wells

• Journalist who exposed lynching in the U.S.

• Early civil rights activist.

• Helped found the NAACP.

Golda Meir

• Prime Minister of Israel (1969–1974).

• Led during Yom Kippur War.

• One of the first female world leaders.

Deng Xiaoping

• Led China after Mao.

• Introduced market reforms while keeping communism.

• Opened China to global economy.

Kwame Nkrumah

• Led Ghana to independence from Britain.

• First president of Ghana.

• Strong Pan-Africanism supporter.

Ronald Reagan

• Conservative U.S. president.

• Promoted free-market economics.

• Took hard stance against Soviet Union.

Kim Il Sung

• Founder of North Korea.

• Established communist dictatorship.

• Began Korean War (1950).

Richard Nixon

• Opened relations with China.

• Signed arms control with USSR.

• Resigned due to Watergate scandal.

Augusto Pinochet

• Took power in military coup (1973).

• Backed by U.S. during Cold War.

• Known for human rights abuses.

John F. Kennedy

• Managed Cuban Missile Crisis.

• Promoted space race.

• Assassinated in 1963.

Gamal Abdel Nasser

• Egyptian president.

• Nationalized Suez Canal.

• Promoted Arab nationalism.

Nelson Mandela

• Led fight against apartheid.

• Imprisoned 27 years.

• Became first Black president of South Africa.

Mohammad Reza Shah

• Western-supported ruler of Iran.

• Modernized country but was authoritarian.

• Overthrown in 1979 revolution.

Margaret Thatcher

• First female UK prime minister.

• Promoted privatization and free markets.

• Strong Cold War ally of U.S.

Pol Pot

• Communist dictator of Cambodia.

• Caused genocide killing ~2 million people.

• Forced rural labor system.

Fidel Castro

• Led communist revolution in Cuba.

• Allied with Soviet Union.

• Opposed U.S. influence.

Martin Luther King Jr.

• Led nonviolent protests.

• Fought segregation and racism.

• Famous for “I Have a Dream” speech.

Mikhail Gorbachev

• Introduced glasnost and perestroika.

• Reduced Cold War tensions.

• Helped lead to collapse of USSR.

Yuri Gagarin

• Soviet astronaut.

• First person to orbit Earth (1961).

• Major Cold War space race victory.

Pelé

• Famous Brazilian soccer player.

• Won three World Cups.

• Global sports icon.

Bob Marley

• Popularized reggae music worldwide.

• Promoted peace and unity.

• Cultural icon.

Osama bin Laden

• Founder of Al-Qaeda.

• Organized 9/11 attacks.

• Symbol of global terrorism.