English Second Language II - Year 2 Module 11 Flashcards

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering linguistic, literary, and pedagogical terms from the BEDJPEH Module 11 study guide.

Semantics

The study of meaning in language, focusing on how meaning is constructed at the word, phrase, sentence, and discourse levels.

Extension

In semantics, this refers to the item in the world to which a word or phrase refers.

Intension

The ideas or mental images that a word or phrase conjures up.

Morphemes

The smallest units of language that carry meaning, which can be categorized as free or bound.

Allomorphy

A phenomenon where a single morpheme has several phonetic or morphological forms depending on the surrounding language context.

Affixation

A morphological process where bound morphemes are attached to a base or root morpheme to create new words or modify existing ones.

Compounding

The process of creating new words by combining two or more words, such as "toothbrush" or "playground."

Phonetics

The study of the systems and patterns of speech sounds in a certain language.

Monophthong

A single, unmodified vowel sound produced while the tongue stays in a largely fixed posture.

Diphthong

A combination of two vowel sounds inside a single syllable where the tongue glides or shifts between positions, such as $/aʊ/$ in "house."

Syntax

The organization of words and phrases, concerned with word order and grammar principles like subject-verb agreement.

Complements

Words or phrases vital for a sentence's meaning that refer to other words and cannot be eliminated.

Simple Sentence

A sentence that contains only one independent clause expressing a complete thought.

Compound-Complex Sentence

A sentence that has at least two independent clauses and at least one dependent clause.

Denotation

The literal dictionary definition of a word.

Connotation

The emotional or cultural associations connected to a word.

Synonymy

A relationship where words can be used to mean the same thing in at least some contexts, such as "begin" and "start."

Antonyms

Words with the exact opposite meaning, which can be gradable, complementary, or relational.

Polysemy

A linguistic state where a single word has two or more related meanings, such as "bright" meaning shining or intelligent.

Homonymy

A phenomenon where multiple words have the same spelling or pronunciation but carry completely different, unrelated meanings.

Hyponymy

A connection of inclusion where the meaning of one word is contained within a more generic word, such as "dog" being a hyponym of "animal."

Pragmatics

The study of how language forms relate to their context of use and how speakers build meaning in social contexts.

Social Context

The social relationship between the speaker and listener, including power dynamics, social norms, and cultural background.

Locutionary Act

The act of speaking something or generating a meaningful language phrase consisting of its literal meaning.

Illocutionary Act

An utterance activity where the speaker is responsible for carrying out an execution or action related to what was stated.

Perlocutionary Act

The linguistic consequences or effects of an action on the hearer, such as convincing or startling someone.

Psycholinguistics

An interdisciplinary field examining how the human brain acquires, processes, comprehends, and produces language.

Innateness Theory

A linguistic theory associated with Noam Chomsky positing that humans are born with a pre-wired capacity for language.

Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)

Vygotsky's concept where children learn more effectively with guidance and support from a more knowledgeable other.

Holophrastic Stage

The stage of language acquisition occurring between 12 to 18 months where children use single words to convey basic needs.

Telegraphic Stage

The stage between 24 to 30 months where children communicate in brief phrases excluding verbs, prepositions, or articles.

Grammatical Aspect

A category referring to how an action or event extends over time, classified as simple, perfect, progressive, or perfect progressive.

Inflection

A word construction process involving adding prefixes or suffixes to a base form to express grammatical meanings like tense or number.

Articulatory Phonetics

The subfield of phonetics concerned with describing speech sounds in terms of the positions and movements of vocal organs.

Free Morphemes

Morphemes that can stand alone and act as single words, categorized as lexical or functional.

Abstract Words

Words indicating intangible qualities, ideas, or concepts such as truth, honor, and grace.

Simile

A figure of speech explicitly comparing two unlike things using words such as "like" or "as."

Personification

The attribution of personal nature, intelligence, or character to inanimate objects or abstract notions.

Onomatopoeia

The formation of a word whose sound is made to suggest or echo its sense, such as "bang" or "hiss."

Stylistics

An applied linguistics discipline that studies the style of documents and the rhetorical devices used to add variety to a work.

Drama

A genre of literature that conveys a story through the words and actions of characters, typically performed by actors.

Dramatic Irony

A situation where the reader or audience is aware of a story element that the characters themselves are unaware of.

Soliloquy

A dramatic speech delivered by a character onstage alone to disclose inner thoughts and feelings.

Deixis

Speaker-related pointing expressions such as "this," "that," "here," and "there."

Foregrounding

A technique where writing components are made deviant to stand out more than usual from linguistic norms.

Phonics Method

A technique for teaching reading that emphasizes connecting letters of the alphabet to their corresponding sounds.

Extensive Reading

Reading large amounts of material for general understanding and enjoyment, often focusing on fluency and motivation.

Intensive Reading

Attentive reading of shorter texts to fully understand vocabulary, syntax, and discourse under teacher supervision.

Skimming

Reading quickly to gain a general impression of a text and determine if it contains helpful information.

Scanning

The process of fast reading specifically to find certain pieces of data such as dates or names.

Register

The formality of the language used in writing and speaking, ranging from informal/colloquial to formal/academic.

Cohesion

The way individual sentences within a text are grammatically linked together using words and phrases.

Coherence

The logical connection between words, phrases, and paragraphs ensuring a unified flow of ideas.

Adjacency Pairs

Utterances between two speakers where the first turn requires a related response, such as Question/Answer or Greeting/Greeting.

Bloom's Taxonomy

A framework identifying levels of thinking: remembering, understanding, applying, analysing, evaluating, and creating.

Gagné's Nine Events of Teaching

A instructional framework including gaining attention, informing learners of objectives, and enhancing retention and transfer.

Formative Assessment

Evaluations conducted throughout a course to track learner progress and modify teaching techniques in real time.

Summative Assessment

Evaluations conducted at the end of a unit or project intended to determine overall performance and assign grades.

Corrective Feedback

Information communicated to the learner intended to modify thinking or behavior to improve learning outcomes.