ATI TEAS A&P Comperhensive Review

What are the four chambers of the heart?

Right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle

Which side of the heart contains deoxygenated blood?

Right side

Which side of the heart contains oxygenated blood?

Left side

What vessel returns blood from the body to the right atrium?

Vena cava. The vena cava is a large vein that carries deoxygenated blood from the body back to the heart's right atrium and is divided into the superior vena cava and the inferior vena cava.

What valve is between the right atrium and right ventricle?

Tricuspid valve. It prevents backflow of blood from the right ventricle to the right atrium during contraction

What valve is between the right ventricle and pulmonary artery?

Pulmonary valve. It controls the flow of deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle into the pulmonary artery, preventing backflow during the heart's relaxation

What vessel carries blood from the heart to the lungs?

Pulmonary artery. It transports deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs for oxygenation

What happens to blood in the lungs?

Picks up oxygen and releases carbon dioxide. This process is known as gas exchange, where oxygen diffuses into the blood and carbon dioxide is expelled

What vessels return oxygenated blood to the heart?

The pulmonary veins. They carry oxygen-rich blood from the lungs back to the left atrium of the heart

What valve is between the left atrium and left ventricle?

The mitral (bicuspid) valve. It regulates blood flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle, preventing backflow during ventricular contraction

What valve is between the left ventricle and aorta?

The aortic valve. It controls the flow of blood from the left ventricle into the aorta, ensuring proper circulation to the body

What chamber pumps blood to the body?

Left ventricle. It is responsible for pumping oxygenated blood into the aorta, supplying the entire body

What is the correct blood flow pathway?

Body → RA → RV → Lungs → LA → LV → Body

What is the function of heart valves?

Heart valves prevent the backflow of blood and ensure unidirectional blood flow through the heart chambers. They open and close in response to pressure changes during the cardiac cycle

Arteries carry blood ____ the heart.

Away from

Veins carry blood ____ the heart.

Toward

What are capillaries?

Tiny vessels where gas and nutrient exchange occur between blood and tissues.

What do red blood cells do?

Transport oxygen and carbon dioxide through the bloodstream to and from tissues

What do white blood cells do?

Fight infections and protect the body from foreign substances.

What do platelets do?

Help with blood clotting and wound healing.

What are the three functions of the nasal cavity?

Warm, humidify, and filter air as it is inhaled

What structures help filter inhaled air?

Mucus, nasal hairs, and cilia in the nasal cavity.

What is the correct air pathway?

Nose → Pharynx → Larynx → Trachea → Bronchi → Bronchioles → Alveoli. This pathway allows air to be properly conditioned before reaching the respiratory zone where gas exchange occurs.

What is another name for the larynx?

Voice box

What is the function of the epiglottis?

A flap of tissue that covers the trachea during swallowing, preventing food and liquids from entering the airway.

What structure is supported by cartilage rings?

The trachea, which maintains open airways and prevents collapse.

What are alveoli?

Tiny air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs.

Where does gas exchange occur?

Alveoli are the primary sites for gas exchange in the lungs, facilitating the transfer of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the air and blood.

What enters the blood at the alveoli?

Oxygen enters the blood at the alveoli

What leaves the blood at the alveoli?

Carbon dioxide leaves the blood at the alveoli, exchanged for oxygen coming in from the air.

What is ventilation?

Movement of air into and out of the lungs.

What is perfusion?

The process of blood flow through the pulmonary capillaries, allowing for gas exchange at the alveoli.

What muscle is primarily responsible for breathing?

Diaphragm is the primary muscle that contracts and relaxes to facilitate inhalation and exhalation.

What happens during inhalation?

Diaphragm contracts and air moves in.

What happens during exhalation?

Diaphragm relaxes and air moves out.

What does CNS stand for?

Central Nervous System

What structures make up the CNS?

Brain and spinal cord that function together to process information and coordinate activities in the body.

What does PNS stand for?

Peripheral nervous system.

What structures make up the PNS?

Nerves and ganglia outside the brain and spinal cord that connect the CNS to limbs and organs.

What lobe controls thinking and voluntary movement?

Frontal lobe. The part of the brain responsible for higher cognitive functions such as reasoning, decision-making, and motor control.

What lobe processes sensation?

Parietal lobe. The lobe responsible for processing sensory information, such as touch, temperature, and pain.

What lobe processes vision?

Occipital lobe. The lobe at the back of the brain that processes visual information, allowing for interpretation of what is seen.

What lobe processes hearing and memory?

Temporal lobe. The lobe responsible for processing auditory information and is also involved in memory formation and language comprehension.

What structure controls balance and coordination?

Cerebellum. The structure at the back of the brain that integrates sensory information and fine-tunes motor activity, ensuring smooth and coordinated movements.

What structure controls breathing and heart rate?

Medulla oblongata. The structure located in the brainstem that regulates autonomic functions such as respiration and cardiovascular activity.

What is the sympathetic nervous system?

Fight-or-flight. It is part of the autonomic nervous system that prepares the body for stressful or emergency situations by increasing heart rate, dilating airways, and redistributing blood flow.

What is the parasympathetic nervous system?

Rest-and-digest. It is part of the autonomic nervous system that promotes relaxation and conserves energy by lowering heart rate, stimulating digestion, and facilitating bodily functions during restful periods.

What part of a neuron receives signals?

Dendrites. The branched extensions of a neuron that receive input from other neurons and transmit the signals to the cell body.

What part of a neuron carries signals away?

Axon. The long, thin projection of a neuron that transmits electrical impulses away from the cell body to other neurons or muscles.

What is a synapse?

The junction where neurons communicate.

What is the function of insulin?

Lowers blood glucose.

Which pancreatic cells produce insulin?

Beta cells. Cells in the pancreas that secrete insulin to regulate blood sugar levels.

What is the function of glucagon?

Raises blood glucose.

Which pancreatic cells produce glucagon?

Alpha cells. Cells in the pancreas that secrete glucagon to increase blood sugar levels.

What is ADH?

Antidiuretic hormone.

What is the function of ADH?

Increases water reabsorption by promoting water retention in the kidneys.

Where is ADH released from?

Posterior pituitary gland

What are T3 and T4?

Thyroid hormones.

What is the function of T3 and T4?

Increase metabolism. They regulate growth and development.

Why is the pituitary called the master gland?

Controls many other endocrine glands.

What is negative feedback?

A response that reverses a change to maintain homeostasis.

Name two anterior pituitary hormones.

GH, TSH, FSH, LH, ACTH, or prolactin.

What are the four major digestive functions?

Ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination.

What enzyme begins carbohydrate digestion?

Salivary amylase.

Which organ produces bile?

Liver.

Which organ stores bile?

Gallbladder.

What does bile do?

Emulsifies fats.

Which organ produces digestive enzymes?

Pancreas.

Where does most nutrient absorption occur?

Small intestine (especially jejunum). It is the primary site for nutrient absorption in the digestive system.

Where is water primarily absorbed?

Large intestine. It absorbs water and electrolytes, helping to form solid waste.

What is the primary function of the kidneys?

Filter blood and remove wastes.

What is the functional unit of the kidney?

The nephron is the basic structural and functional unit of the kidney responsible for filtering blood and forming urine.

What structure performs filtration?

Glomerulus. It is a network of capillaries located in the nephron that filters blood to form urine.

What nephron structure performs most reabsorption?

Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT).

What is the urine pathway?

Kidneys → Ureters → Bladder → Urethra.

Which chamber has the thickest wall?

Left ventricle. It has muscular walls that enable it to pump blood throughout the body with high pressure.

What is the primary purpose of gas exchange?

Deliver oxygen and remove carbon dioxide.

What is the function of the spinal cord?

Transmits signals between brain and body.

Which hormone raises blood calcium levels?

Parathyroid hormone (PTH), produced by the parathyroid glands, increases blood calcium levels by stimulating bone resorption, increasing intestinal absorption, and enhancing renal reabsorption of calcium.

Which hormone lowers blood calcium levels?

Calcitonin, produced by the thyroid gland, lowers blood calcium levels by inhibiting bone resorption and promoting renal excretion of calcium.

What are the three parts of the small intestine?

Duodenum, jejunum, ileum.

What is reabsorption?

Returning useful substances from filtrate back into the blood.

What does systolic blood pressure measure?

The pressure in the arteries when the heart contracts.

What does diastolic blood pressure measure?

The pressure in the arteries when the heart relaxes between beats.

What does an ECG measure?

The electrical activity of the heart.

What is the normal electrical conduction pathway of the heart?

SA Node → AV Node → Bundle of His → Bundle Branches → Purkinje Fibers.

What is the primary pacemaker of the heart?

Sinoatrial (SA) node.

What is the function of the AV node?

Delays the electrical signal so the atria can finish contracting before the ventricles contract.

What is the function of Purkinje fibers?

Spread electrical impulses throughout the ventricles, causing ventricular contraction.

What is considered a normal adult blood pressure?

Approximately 120/80 mmHg.

What are the three types of muscle tissue, and how do they differ?

• Cardiac muscle: Found in the heart; striated, involuntary, branched cells with one nucleus.

• Smooth muscle: Found in organs and blood vessels; non-striated, involuntary, spindle-shaped cells with one nucleus.

• Skeletal muscle: Attached to bones; striated, voluntary, long cylindrical cells with multiple nuclei.

Where does fertilization typically occur, and where does implantation occur?

Fertilization typically occurs in the fallopian tube, and implantation occurs in the uterus.

What do the testes and ovaries produce?

The testes produce sperm and testosterone; the ovaries produce eggs (ova), estrogen, and progesterone.

What process produces haploid gametes (sperm and egg cells)?

Meiosis produces haploid gametes that contain half the normal number of chromosomes.

What hormones do the ovaries produce?

The ovaries produce estrogen and progesterone, which regulate the menstrual cycle and support reproduction.

What are the major functions of the integumentary system?

Protection, temperature regulation, fluid balance, sensation, and vitamin D synthesis.

What is the difference between the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis?

The epidermis is the outermost layer of skin, providing a barrier and waterproofing. The dermis lies beneath, containing connective tissue, hair follicles, and glands, while the hypodermis is the deeper layer that attaches skin to underlying tissues and provides insulation.

What do sweat glands and sebaceous glands do?

Sweat glands help regulate body temperature through perspiration, while sebaceous glands secrete oil to lubricate the skin and hair.

What is the difference between anterior and posterior?

Anterior refers to the front of the body, while posterior refers to the back. These terms are commonly used in anatomical orientation.