human development authors

Paul Crutzen

Anthropocene theory
→ Humans are the main force shaping climate and the environment.

Urie Bronfenbrenner

ecological systems
→ Development is shaped by layers of environment from family to culture.

Michele Gelfand

tight-loose cultures
→ Cultures vary in how strict or flexible their social norms are.

Jeffrey Arnett

emerging adulthood
→ Young adulthood is a phase of identity exploration and instability.

Zygmunt Bauman

liquid society
→ Modern life is unstable, leading to uncertainty and identity confusion.

Daniel Siegel

adolescent brain
→ The emotional brain develops faster than the rational brain in teens.

John Bowlby

attachment theory
→ Early relationships with caregivers shape future emotional bonds.

Mary Ainsworth

Strange Situation
→ Identified attachment types by observing how children respond to separation.

Diana Baumrind

parenting styles
→ Parenting varies in warmth and control, affecting child development.

Alison Gopnik

child learning
→ Children learn best through exploration rather than strict control.carpenter vs gardener

Laurence Steinberg

adolescent development
→ Parenting and development must adapt during adolescence.

Marc Bornstein

parenting culture
→ Parenting practices differ across cultures and contexts.

John Berry

acculturation models
→ Migrants adapt through integration, assimilation, separation, or marginalization.

Jean Phinney

ethnic identity
→ Identity develops through exploration and commitment to one’s ethnicity.

Joseba Achotegui

migrant stress
→ Migrants can experience chronic stress due to isolation and instability.

Judith Butler

gender performativity
→ Gender is constructed through repeated behaviors, not just biology.

Dan Olweus

bullying studies
→ Bullying involves repetition, intent, harm, witnesses and power imbalance.

Sherry Turkle

digital identity
→ Online interactions shape how people form identity and relationships.

Gabor Maté

addiction trauma
→ Addiction is often a response to trauma, not just substance use.

James Prochaska & Carlo DiClement

behavior change model
→ Developed the Stages of Change model: precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance; explains how people gradually change behaviors (especially addiction).