early euro history exam #3

uvm hist1710

the great famine

problems in the late 1300s- little ice age disrupting shipping/trade, population limits of agriculture, famine in 1315, wars/taxation/inflation

famine lasted 1315-1322, weakened populations prior to plauge

this period paired w banking/war/gov/labour changes led to revolts and social unrest in many nations

the great plauge

made all prior issues from the 1300s worse, killing 30% of the population and continuing to return for years to come

• spread by mongol empire (led to its downfall), and rats via trade

• yersina pestis (bacterial)

  • fast moving and specific

  • “bad air”, bad science and scapegoating made the issues worse

claims gen after gen, 1300 pop is not redeamed till 15/1600s (paired w mental impacts and loss of children)

this period paired w banking/war/gov/labour changes led to revolts and social unrest in many nations (money, loans, trade— everything stops)

the jacquire

peasant revolt against noble exploint in rural france, setting up conflict for the 100 years war

no revolt was highly successful, but make a notable age of “class conflict” and the end of serf-dom

the ciompi revolt (1378)

violent, seeking guild reformation and more voice, better wages in florence

urban workers vs elite masters

no revolt was highly successful, but make a notable age of “class conflict” and the end of serf-dom

the english peasants revolt (1381)

workers are forced to work w no wage increase and are taxed for war efforts, and revolt in response

revolt is put down by 15 year old king richard, violently (heads on spikes uhoh)

the military revolution

death becomes more present across europe, w/ “machines from hell” becoming common in warfare

• longbows, guns, cannons, “seige warfare”

the shift is not just technological, but from fighting forces moving to armies, needing many fighters, meaning need for more amo, guns, and other infrastructure, transforming states power

• need for more taxation, training, bauracracy

king philip IV of france

conflict w/ pope boniface- who speaks for god? (who can tax clergy/try them?) → philip is trying to fund a war and arrests the pop, trying to try him as a heratic

papal power moves to france as a result of this shift, creating the avignon papacy

the avignon papacy

following philip and bonifaces conflict, popes moves to southern france, where they stay till 1377, papal power becomes increasingly french

the great schism

conflict between italy and france- two popes! one stays in france w cardinals, the other digs his feet in

conflcit spreads across europe for 50 years

attempts to sooth it make it worse- result of first council is THREE popes

eventual outcome = era of italian papacy and national churches

the conciliar movement

midst great schism need for a massive council:

• council of pisa

• council of constance

ended in 1419 w/ martian the 5th ruling as pope

• failed council of bash(?) to end the conciliar mvmt

catherine of siena

1340-80, mystic, author (wrote over 400 letters), politcal figure, worked to get the pope to return from avigon, dominican layperson

civil reaction to the period of papal unrest: questions of purgatory and indulgance, and mystism! (or direct connection w god)

• attempt for connection during uncertain leadership

john whycliffe

new challanges to the church, whycliffe and collards in england

made new claims about bible and church, proposed that secular leaders should reform the church due to current failings!

secular leaders bite, church calls him a heretic

inspired jan hus in bohemia

jan hus

preacher, university educated, opposed indulgances, nationalist (anti-german), is excommunicated in 1412

in 1415, he is burned at the stake after the council of constance

hussite rebellions last till end of 1400s

100 years war

tensions over aquitain and ownership, french marriage into english families, french rule on female sucession as invalid to prevent english rule

• edward III claims right to thrown in england AND france

period of hardship, and prosperity.

• class conflict, war, money issues, and also great lavish living in aristocratic circles

1337-1453

english victory, french civil war over control (orleon vs burgundians)

joan of arc

led charles to be crowned, heard the voice of god

fails to take paris in 1430, burned in 1431 after being tried for hersey

her victories helped w morale, and miliatry rev was a huge factor in pushing the english back

• emergence of nationalism, milary rev requires loyalty

• taxes/etc inspire national cause/ids!

christine de pizan

french! national id and vernacular literature

book of deeds of charles V, book of the city of ladies, the tale of joan of arc, ballads, poems, etc

female, italian born, supporting her family, SELLING books to nobility, kind of feminist!

geoffrey chaucer

english, national id and vernacular lit

canterbury tales! tells of normal people, written in english! a common tale for common people vibes, huge shift, lit for fun!

giovanni boccaccio

from florance, the decameron

rise of veracular lit in italy (not a state yet, but a culture!)

petrarch

florance, love poems, well known! ideal love, imagination, in italian and latin

tries to imagine himeself w contemps in rome! (emerging idea that rome & now are times of good, and the “middle” was bad!)

humanism

rejecting uni emphesis on aristoltian logic and studying old lit/authors to deal w

real life

focus on greek/latin, ethics, history, etc: goal of thinking and real application

the humanities!

the medici family

control banking, very wealthy, investment in city/patronage

'“princes as patrons”

several gens: consol. power, surviving conspirancy, made millions, etc

ferdinand of aragon

marries isabell in 1469, spain is born under them

continuing crusade, recongquista and new world explorations

explusion of jews and muslims, pressure conversions

imagining new worlds w old fears, spain!

isabelle of castile

the ottoman conquest of constantinople

building since 1300, 1455 conquest of constantinople, still expanding into the 1600s, falls in 1924

new worlds, old fears

“the turk” and rise of ottomans, end of byzantine, shifting power in muslim/christian world

columbus

travles and conflicts— confusion/refusal to change his world view in light of new evidence.

“new world inhabitants” savage or advanced?

columbian exchange- guns gold god and sickness

led to slave trade- african slave trade dev later, w emerging ideas of race

king francis I of france

clash of the titans! (euro pols end of 1400-1550s)

french king, most sucsessful in the italian wars, wins the battle of marginaue, concordate of bologna w pope leo x, brings da vinci to france!

the prince is written about this time pd (personal self interest for power)

fransis is taken hostage by chalres

sacks rome in 1527, france allies w turks (anyone but them mentality)

emperor Charles V

german emporers and new control, in the wake of german power rise france turns to england (henry 8th, married to charles aunt)

forming an ego power play w fransis

fransis is taken hostage by chalres

sacks rome in 1527, france allies w turks

pope leo X

king henry VIII of england

married to catherine of aragon, charles V aunt

weaning papal control in england, makes himself pope to marry anne, sells monestaries for $, investing in old system

is brought into power struggles during war of roses, begining tudor dynasty, allied with france during rise of germanic power

the print revolution

gutenburg, printing press, parchement to PAPER!, makes books cheaper and literacy rates go up

lined up w military revolution due to metalworking advancments

all together improves printing, literacy, improves standarization and silent reading!

christian humanism

taknig humanism and apply it to the bible

ex: erasmus

erasmus

christian humanist, new edition of greek new testement and latin translation (dif from ulgate)

also a reformer, sarcastic, smart tone, praise of folly

martian luther

weighed down by sin, prof of theology, posts his 95 theses in 1517

confronts charles V at concordate of worms in 1521

protected by german poltical fragmentation

revolutionary ideas: primacy of scripture, salvation via faith alone, priesthood

backs princes in protestant revolt in 1525 (controling church over social constuction?)

power of the press, bible and pamphlates

peace of ausburg as a result!

the peace of augsburg

german princes and their lands decide to be either lutheran or catholic (territory wide)

early 1500s

ulrich zwingli

in zurick, supported luther but had some disagremenets theologically, spec w the eucharist (its just a wafer)

example of how protestants continue to splinter!

anabaptists

the reformation splinters

radical literalism, focus on baptism, not seen as valid sacrament, adults need to choose

notion is only a few of us are right and saved, taking protestantism to the max

radical! like put in cages and killed radical.

the catholic reformation

response to challanged

roman inquistiion in the 1540s

council of trent as “we were wrong about anything!’ we just want to reform a bit, reaffirming vulgate

practical and moral reformation, cleaning up morality!

peace of ausberg happens during this period

the council of trent

says we werent wrong about anything

during catholic reformation

reaffirms vulgate, proposes moral reofrmation

ignatius loyola

spanish solider, seeking to root followers in military thoery, battle for souls

stress of education to solidify chrstian doctrin and convert non christians, missionizing!

modern traditions of jesuit unis/protestant unis, legacy of power and education prowess

the french wars of religion

age of religous violence, between protestants and catholics,

hugenot minority (protestant), 10-15%, mostly elites?

wars from 1560s-80s

guise vs bourbon, catherine is in power, ateempts to settle troubles for her sons

• unpopular in history she arrnages marriage between her duaghter and a protestant leader (henry of navarre)

• during the wedding, there is a breakout of violence (which she approves)

eventually would grant freedom of relgion under the edict of nants from Henry

catherine de medici

married to french king, unpopular, rules for her sons, marries off her duaghter, approves attack on protestants

edict of nantes

grants freedom of relgion in france, offical catholic, some protestantism is allowed

under king henry

queen elizabeth I of england

tudor, daughter of anne

elizabethen settlment, allowing diffrences, affirms protestant “anglican” chruch

• her father had insitued, her sister took back (mary, marries philip of spain), she reaffirms

30 years war

war in bohemia, defenestration of prauge (1618)

euro wide protestant allinace, first euro wide war in history

1635-48, end of relious alliances, and relgious aspect is “forgotten?”

ends w the peace of westphalaia in 1648, answers territory ?s and dimmed the holy roman empire

the witch craze

gender and religion (fragmented christendom, ?s, print rev, violence)

ended around 1660s, strong in middle 1500s

accusations were of being conspiratory w the devil, targeting mostly women, had a sexual aspect? some men

new stress on partiarchal families and education, what is right and what is wrong?

michel de montaigne

skeptic in age of relgious violence and reformation

asks, what do i know?

wrote in the essay! new form, attempting to prove things litterally, wrote on cannibals, asking are we right? how do we know?

the scientific revolution

sleepwalking! (finding the “right” answer while chasing imagined dreams)

transformation via qualitiative view of nature, sci method, nature as a machine, how and not why

kepler, galilio (d. 1642), newton, copernicus, etc

crisis: old framework was wrong w/o new solutions

resolution? newtonian universe (d. 1727)