module 3—cellular level of organization

Characteristics of the cell membrane

extremely pliable

composed of back to back phospholipids

What kind of molecule are phospholipids

amphipathic

Amphipathic definition

molecule composed of hydrophilic and hydrophobic structures

Characteristics of the phosphate group on a phospholipid

negatively charged

polar

hydrophilic

Characteristics of the two fatty acids on a phospholipid

uncharged

nonpolar

hydrophobic

What kind of fatty acids are the fatty acid chains composed of

saturated and unsaturated fatty acids

What is the reason that some phospholipids contain unsaturated fatty acids?

for fluidity

What other molecule contributes to the fluidity of the membrane

cholesterol

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Integral proteins definition

protein that is embedded in the membrane

Channel protein definition

selectively allows particular materials, such as certain ions, to pass into or out of the cell

Cell recognition proteins definition

receptor proteins that serve to mark a cell’s identity so that it can be recognized by other cells

Some inegral proteins serve dual roles as both a…

receptor and an ion channel

Glycoprotein definition

protein that has carbohydrate molecules attached, extending into the extracellular matrix

The carbohydrate tags on glycoproteins aid in…

cell recognition

Glycocalyx definition

a fuzzy appearing coating around the cell formed from glycoproteins and other carbohydrates attached to the cell membrane

Roles that the glycocalyx serves

have molecules that allow the cell to bind to another cell

contain receptors for hormones

have enzymes to break down nutrients

Characteristics of peripheral proteins

don’t penetrate all the way through the membrane

can also be attached to internal or external surface of an integral protein

perform a specific function for the cell (ie. digestion)

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What are the three types of transport that the lipid bilayer allows

selective permeability

passive transport

active transport

Selective permeability definition

only a relatively small, nonpolar materials can move through the lipid bilayer

Examples of materials that can pass through the membrane without assistance

lipids

oxygen

carbon dioxide

alcohol

The four forms of passive transport

diffusion

facilitated diffusion

osmosis

filtration

Diffusion definition

the movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

Facilitated diffusion definition

the diffusion process used for those substances that cannot cross the lipid bilayer due to their size, charge, and/or polarity

Osmosis definition

the diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane

Filtration definition

uses a hydrostatic pressure gradient that pushes the fluid and solutes from a higher pressure area to a lower pressure area

What does this represent, describe

hypertonic, more solutes on the outside

water flows out of the cell

What does this represent, describe

isotonic, homeostasis

What does this represent, describe

hypotonic, more water on the outside

water flows into the cell

Active transport requires what compared to the other two transport types

energy source

The three types of active transport

pumps

endocytosis

exocytosis

Active transport pump definition

energy from ATP allows these membrane proteins to transport substances across the membrane

Are pumps typically with or against the concentration gradient?

against

Endocytosis definition

process of a cell ingesting material by enveloping it in a portion of its cell membrane, then pinching it off

Three types of endocytosis

phagocytosis

pinocytosis

receptor mediated endocytosis

Exocytosis definition

the process of a cell exporting material using vesicular transport

What is this showing?

sodium potassium pump

What is this showing?

endocytosis, phagocytosis

What is this showing?

endocytosis, pinocytosis

What is this showing?

endocytosis, receptor mediated endocytosis

The site of protein synthesis, transports materials within the cell

ribosome

Organelle that manages or controls all the cell functions in a eukaryotic cell

nucleus

digests excess or worn out cell parts, food particles, invading viruses or bacteria

lysosome

the studded organelle that aids in protein synthesis

rough ER

provides temprary storage of food, enzymes, and waste products

vacuole

Produces a usable form of energy for the cell

mitochondria

Detoxifies the cell and makes lipids

smooth ER

Gives the cell structure and holds organelles in place

cytosol

Site where ribosomes are made

nucleolus

The membrane surrounding the cell

cell membrane

Name for the collection of DNA in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells

chromosome

Consists of hollow tubes and small fibers which provide support for the cell

microtubules

Small hair like structures used for movement or sensing things

cilia

Packages materials to leave the cell

golgi apparatus

Used within animal cells to help the cell divide

centriole

Histology definition

the microscopic study of tissue appearance, organization, and function

Tissues definition

group of cells found together in the body

Common origin of tissues

embryonic

The four categorizes of tissues

epithelial

muscle

nervous

connective

Epithelial tissue are sheets of cells that…

cover the exterior surfaces of the body

line internal cavities and passageways

form certain glands

Where can epithelial tissue be found

lining GI tract

skin surface

Connective tissue…

binds the cells and organs of the body together

functions in protection, support, and integration of all parts of the body

Where can connective tissue be found

fat and other soft padding tissue

bone

tendon

Muscle tissue…

excitable, responds to stimulation and contracting to provide movement

Three types of muscle tissue

skeletal muscle

smooth muscle

cardiac muscle

What muscle tissue is voluntary

skeletal muscle

Nervous tissue…

excitable, allows the propagation of electrochemical signals in the form of nerve impulses

Where can nervous tissue be found

brain

spinal cord

nerves

Zygote definition

a single cell formed by the fusion of an egg and sperm

Totipotent definition

the first embryonic cells generated have the ability to differentiate into any type of cell in the body

The three major cell lineages

ectoderm

mesoderm

endoderm

Where does epithelial tissue originate

ectoderm

mesoderm

endoderm

Where does nervous tissue originate from

primarily the ectoderm

Where does muscle tissue originate from

mesoderm

The ectoderm can give rise to…

epidermis

glands on skin

some cranial bones

pituitary and adrenal medulla

nervous system

mouth

anus

What germ layer gives rise to these cells/tissues

ectoderm

The mesoderm gives rise to…

connective tissue proper

bone

cartilage

blood

endothelium of blood vessels

muscle

synovial membranes

serous membranes

kidneys

lining of gonads

What germ layer gives rise to these tissues/cells

mesoderm

The endoderm gives rise to…

lining of airways and digestive system (except mouth and anus)

glands (digestive glands, endocrine glands, adrenal cortex)

What germ layer gives rise to these cells

endoderm

A tissue membrane is a thin layer or sheet of cells that covers the outside of…

the body (skin)

the organs (pericardium)

internal passageways that lead to the exterior of the body (mucosa of the stomach)

the lining of the moveable joint cavities

The two basic types of tissue membranes

connective tissue

epithelial membranes

Mucous membranes line the…

digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts

they line things that interact with the outside world

Mucous membranes are coated with the…

secretions of mucous glands

Serous membranes line…

body cavities closed to the exterior of the body: the peritoneal, pleural, and pericardial cavities

Cutaneous membrane/skin covers…

the body surface

Synovial membranes line…

joint cavities and produce the fluid within the joint

Functions of epithelial tissue

protection

secretion

absorption

excretion

senses

Epithelial tissue is categorized based on the…

shape and layers of the cells

Epithelial tissue provides protection from…

physical, chemical, and biological wear and tear

Epithelial tissue is able to control _____ and allow _____ _____ of materials across a physical barrier

permeability, selective transfer

Epithelial tissue ____ and _____ mucous and specific chemical compounds onto their apical surfaces

secrete and release

What kind of distribution is there of organelles and membrane bound proteins between their basal and apical surfaces

polarized distribution

Particular structures found in some epithelial cells are an…

adaptation to specific functions

Ciliated epithelium lines the ventricles of the brain and does what?

helps circulate the cerebrospinal fluid

Ciliated epithelium of the airway forms a mucociliary escalator that…

sweeps particles of dust and pathogens trapped in the secreted mucous toward the throat

Nasal cilia…

sweep the mucous blanket down towards your throat

Name the epithelium, where it is found, and a function

simple columnar

lining of small intestine and oviducts

absorbs nutrients