Sociology Exam #2

Familiy

A group connected by blood, sexual relationship, or the law

Kinship

The most basic form of human relationships, defined by blood, affinity (affection), or adoption.

Marriage

Socially-sanctioned union that includes rights and responsibilities of the spouses to each other, their children, and the larger society.

Adoption

Process of parents voluntarily choosing to have a legal parent-child relationship with a child that is not related by blood.

Blended Family

Family with a step-parent, step-sibling or half-sibling.

Matrilineal Society

Determines kinship, names, property, and titles through the female line.

Patrilineal Society

Determines kinship, names, property, and titles through the male line.

Universal Norm

A norm that exists in virtually every society

Incest Taboo

Cultural prohibition against sexual relations between people who are related to one another

Longitudinal Data

Data gathered at different points in time.

Polygamy

Having multiple spouses at the same time.

Polygyny

One man has multiple wives at the same time.

Polyandry

One woman has multiple husbands at the same time

Nuclear Family

A married couple and their dependent children

May-December Relationship

Relationship in which there is a large age gap between partners

Divorce

Legally recognized termination of marriage

No-fault divore

Marriage dissolutions in which neither spouse is required to prove the fault of the other

Gray divorce

divorce over the age of 50

Families in 1950s

60% of households had a married couple with children. ¾ of wives did not have a job

Families today

<15% of households are traditional Breadwinner/Homemaker form. There is no majority family form

Bilateral Laws

Not based on sex

Social Integration

Degree to which people are connected to eachother and to social institutions

Thin Market

The cost of finding potential partners presents a barrier to forming relationships

Hook-up

Sexual encounter with a lack of commitment

Double Standard

Women’s reputations suffer more than men’s when engaging in hook-ups

Cohabitation

Living together without being married

Cohabitation Effect

Marriages that begin with cohabitation are more likely to get divorced

Relationship Inertia

Couples who otherwise would not et married do so, because it makes it easier to stay together

Wedding industrial complex

Merging of industry with the social rituals surrounding marriage

Commoditizing

When a social ritual is turned into a product or service that we purchase.

Consumer Rites

Elaborations of older customs as businesses created new markets for their products

Heteronormative

Heterosexuality is normal and natural

Childfree

15% of women over 55 have no children

Age of first birth

Rose from 21 (1973) to 27.3 (2022)

Fertiility Rate

Births per woman

Number of unmarried partners

20 million+ (8% of adults)

Average cost of wedding in 2023

$30,000

Family size

In 1976, 40% of mothers had 4+ kids; In 2008, 14% of mothers

What did Hochschild argue

women perform an unequal second shift of housework after coming home from job

What did Thèbaud find

husbands of working wives do less housework

Egalitarian

All people are equal (men and women have the same rights)

Meternity Leave

Paid leave for mothers who have given birth

Paternity Leave

Paid leave for fathers who have had a child. This is usually shorter than maternity leave

Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)

Supreme court case that legalized same-sex marriage

Education

The process of gaining knowledge and skills

Functionalist view

Society is a machine, so how do we maintain social order

Socialization

The process by which individuals come to share values, morals, beliefe, and ways of acting in society

Manifest Functions

Obvious, intended functions we create institutions to do

Latent Functions

Unintended or unrecognized functions.

Sorting

Prepare students for their future roles based on what they are good at

Conflict Perspective

Society is a struggle for power, the those who have power will work hard and in complex ways to keep it

Achievement Ideology

How unfair are things really?

Social Reproduction

Cycle through which schools perpetuate the class structure

Social Capital

The ways people use their social connections to gain knowledge, access, and benefits

Institutionalized Racism

Racism built into policies and practices

Social interactionist theory

How do people interact in normal lives, including behaviors that are taken for granted

Critical Race Theory

Systemic racism is embedded in legal systems, policies, and societal structures, not just individual prejudice.

Achievement Gap

Difference in outcomes between groups of students

Opportunity Gap

Difference in opportunities and resources available to groups of students

Highschool degree average income

$34,900

Associate’s degree average income

$40,000

Bachelor’s degree average income

$54,700

Master’s+ degree average income

$65,000

Trend of whilte-black vs income achievment gap

White black gap decreased, 90-10 income gap increased

Sources of school funding

8% Federal | 45% Local | 47% State

How do schools become unequal

By Class, Race, Class x Race

Class inequality in school

Local control and funding of public schools leads to unequal resources for students in wealthy vs poor school districts

Racial inequality in schools

de jure vs de facto

De jure segregation

Segregation enforced by law

De facto segregation

Segregation created by residential segregation

Race x class inequality in schools

Schools with many black and latino students are more likely to also have many low-income students

Discipline in schools

Black and latino students recieve harsher punishments for the same infractions (Not conscious or intentional)

Unequal monitoring

Educators monitored black students closer, and punished them harder than other children.

Adultification

Black students are viewed as older/more responsible for their behavior than same age children

Racialized interpretations of disruptive behavior

Black girls tended to get into trouble for behaviors termed “disruptive” or “aggressive” which depends completely on the educator’s interpretation.

Tracking

Process of sorting students into groups based on ideas of ability, achievement, or prospects. Influenced by race and class

Second generation segregation

Racial segregation within schools because of racialized patterns in tracking assignments

Congregations

groups of followers who worship eachother

Followers

Those who believe in the principles of a religion

Prophet

Individual who is seen as holy to a religious group

Sacred

Objects that are set apart and forbidden. They have special power, deserve special attention

Profane

Ordinary, mundane, and unexceptional

Religion

A belief system and practices regarding what is held sacred by a group of people

Religious experiences

Feelings of extreme religiousity. “Extraordinary height of exaltation”

Collective effervescence

People feel connected with the larger social group

Theology

Study of god and the nature of god

Protestant ethic

The belief system that Weber believed created the culture and economy of the US

Ascetic Protestantism

Only a certain number of people would be saved for eternity, and those who would be saved were already chosen

Deist

Someone who believes in supreme being but doesn’t believe God actively intervenes in the world

Monotheistic Religion

Believes in only one god

Christianity

Includes Roman Catholicism, Orthodox Christianity, Mormons, Various Protestant denominations, simply idenfity as christian. Faith that follows Jesus Christ and the Old and New Testaments of the Bible

Islam

Followers are called Muslims. They follow the god Allah, and follow the teachings of Muhhamad. They read the Qu’ran

Sects

Groups with distinct beliefs within a religion. Sunni/Shia in Islam

Judaism

Oldest Abrahamic faith that Christianity and Islam both find their roots in.

Abrahamic Religions

Islam, Christianity, Judaism

Polytheism

Believes in multiple gods

Hinduism

They follow the sacred writings called Vedas