Human Systems Bio 20 Exam

Salivary glands

Secretes starch digesting enzymes

Liver

Manufactures bile that that facilitates digestion of fats

Gall bladder

Stores bile till needed

Pancreas

Manufactures enzymes to digest macromolecules; secretes bicarbonate to neutralize stomach acid that enters small intestine

Mouth

Chews and mixes food with saliva

Esophagus

Directs food from mouth to stomach

Stomach

Adds acid, enzymes, and fluid; churns mixes, and grinds food to a liquid mass

Small intestine

Secretes enzymes that digest macromolecules; absorbs hydrolyzed molecules into blood stream

Large intestine

Absorbs water and salts; passes remaining undigested material and some water out of body

Rectum

Stores waste prior to elimination

Anus

Holds rectum closed; opens to allow elimination

Macromolecules

A large, complex assembly of organic molecules; four categories of macromolecules are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

Dehydration synthesis

Chemical reaction that results in the formation of a covalent bond between two subunit molecules by the removal of an -OH (hydroxyl) group from one subunit and a hydrogen atom from the other subunit; essentially, a molecule of water (H2o) Is removed)

Hydrolysis

Chemical reaction in which the addition of a water molecule cleaves a macromolecule into subunits; one hydrogen atom from water is attached to one subunit and a hydroxyl group is bonded to the other subunit, breaking a covalent bond in the macromolecule

Carbohydrates

Organic macromolecule that contains carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio; ex include monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides

Lipid

Group of organic macromolecules, including fats, oils, phospholipids, and steroids, that is insoluble in water, but soluble in a non-polar organic substance

Nucleic acids

Macromolecules formed from a long chain of nucleotide subunits, each consisting of a 5 carbon simple sugar, a nitrogen-containing base, and a phosphate group; two types include DNA and RNA

Nucleotide

Units making up nucleic acids

Protein

Organic macromolecules assembled from subunits of amino acids

Peptide bond

Bond between the amino group of one amino acid and the carboxyl group of another in a protein

Pepsin

A Protein digesting enzyme secreted in the stomach; remains inactive until hydrochloric acid is present

Amino acid

An organic compound consisting of a carboxylic acid group , and amino group and any various side groups linked together by peptide bonds to form proteins

Carbohydrase

Enzyme that catalyses the hydrolysis of carbohydrates

CCK

Cholecystokinin; one of 3 enzymes(including secretin and GIP) secreted into the bloodstream by the duodenum, causing inhibition of stomach movement and secretions, and enabling fatty meals to remain in the stomach longer then nonfatty meals also stimulates increased pancreatic secretions of digestive enzymes and gall bladder contractions

Coenzyme

A chemical needed to make enzymes function

Denature

To alter the natural structural state of molecules such as nucleic acids and proteins , thereby disrupting their biological activity

Digestive system

The system into which food is taken and broken down so that useful substances can be absorbed into and transported by the circulatory system to individual cells

Persistalsis

Wavelike series of muscular contractions and relaxtions

Esophageal sphincter

A muscular ring between the esophagus and the stomach that controls the movement of food into and out of the stomach

Pyloric Sphincter

Muscular ring that acts as a valve between the stomach and the duodenum ; controlling the passage of food out of stomach

Duodenum

The first 25 cm of the small intestine

Jejeumnum

Middle part of small intestine about 2.5 m long contains more folds and secretory glands than the duodenum

Ileum

Is 3 m long the last part of the small intestine contains fewer smaller vili it reabsorbs nutrients and push the remaining undigested material into the large intestine

Gastrin

Stomach hormone that stimulates the secretion of hydrochloric acid and the inactive precursor molecule of pepsin from glands in the stomach

Secretin

One of three enzymes( including CCK and GIP) secreted into the bloodstream by the duodenum, causing inhibition of stomach movement and secretions, and enabling fatty meals to remain in the stomach longer than non-fatty meals; also stimulates the pancreas to release more bicarbonate to neutralize acidic chime

GIP

Gastric inhibitory peptide; one of the three enzymes (including secretin and CCK) secreted into the bloodstream by the duodenum causing inhibition of stomach movement and secretions, enabling fatty meals to remain in the stomach longer then non fatty meals

Biuret reagent

Test for proteins; has a blue colour that changes to violet in presence of proteins or pink in presence of peptides

Iodine solution

Test for starch; turns brownish colour to blue-black in presence of starch

Benedict's Solution

Test for sugars; sugars react with this solution after being heated in a boiling water bath. Increasing concentrations of sugar give a continuum of colours

Enzyme

Protein molecule that acts as a catalyst to increase the rate of a reaction

Vitamins and minerals

Are not macromolecules, but are essential to the structures and functions of all cells

Vili

Finger-like projection along the ridges of the small intestine; increases surface area to aid in the absorption of nutrients

Microvili

Microscopic projection found along exposed cell surfaces that greatly increases the surface area of the cell; found on the vili of the small intestine and on the membranes of certain cells

Carbohydrases

An enzyme that digests carbohydrates

Lipases

An enzyme that digests fats

Proteases

An enzyme that digests larger polypeptides

Nucleases

An enzyme that digests nucleic acids

Segmentation

A process by which some physical digestion occurs in the small intestine; chyme sloshes back and forth between segments of the small intestine that forms when bands of circular muscle briefly contract

Enzyme

Resiratory System

System responsible for gas exchange (bringing oxygen into the body and removing carbon dioxide out of the body)

External respiration

Is the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the air and blood

Internal respiration

Is the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the body's tissue cells and the blood

Cellular respiration

Is the series of energy-releasing chemical reactions that take place inside the cells, it is the final stage in respiration. It is the sole means of providing energy for all cellular activities and it helps the body maintain homeostasis

Thoracic cavity

A muscular structure that protects the lungs

Nasal passages

Passage from the nostrils to the back of the throat through which the air enters the body; serves to warm, moisten, and clean incoming air; lined with ciliated cells and mucus/secreting cells

Pharynx

Structure located just behind the mouth that connects the mouth and the nasal cavity to the larynx and esophagus; serves as the passageway for air into the respiratory system and for food and water into the digestive system

Epiglottis

Flap of cartilage located over the entrance of the trachea; closes during swallowing to prevent food from entering the respiratory tract

Glottis

The opening of the trachea through which air enters the larynx

Larynx

A structure within the upper respiratory tract that contains the vocal chords made from cartilage

Tranchea

Tube that carries air from the nasal passages or mouth to the lungs also strengthened by semicircular, cartilaginous arches that prevent it from collapsing

Bronchi

The passageway that branches from the trachea into the lungs, with one _____ carrying air into each lung. Contain C-shaped cartilaginous rings.

Bronchioles

The passageway that branches from bronchi into separate lobes of the lungs; divides into smaller and smaller passageways that carry air into all portions of the lungs

Pleural membrane

Double-layered membrane that encloses the lungs

Alveoli

Gas exchange structure within lungs; tiny air pocket with walls made of a membrane that is a single cell thick, allowing for exchange of respiratory gases

Capillary

The smallest blood vessel and their walls are also one cell thick-- that link the arteries and veins

Arteries

Carry oxygen rich-blood from the heart to the body tissues

Veins

Carry oxygen poor- blood from the body tissues back to the heart

Diaphragm

A muscle layer that separates the region of the lungs (thoracic cavity) from the region of the stomach and liver(abdominal cavity) ; contraction contributes to inspiration and increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity

Rib muscles

One of several muscles found between and along the inside surface of the ribs extending down to the diaphragm; as a group work with the diaphragm to move air in and out of the lungs

Inhalation

Movement of air into the lungs during breathing (begins when the external rib muscles and the diaphragm contract this action expands the ribcage upward and outward, and the floor of the thoracic cavity downward)

Exhalation

Movement of air out of the lungs during breathing (the intercostal muscles relax, allowing the ribcage to return to its normal position. The diaphragm also moves upward, resuming its dome shape. As the lungs contract air moves out)

Spirograph

Graph representing the amount of air that moves into and out of the lungs with each breath

Tidal volume

Is the volume of air that is inhaled and exhaled in a normal breathing movement when the body is at rest

Inspiratory reserve volume

Is the additional volume of air that can be taken into the lungs, beyond a regular or tidal, inhalation

Expiratory reserve volume

Is the additional volume of air that can be forced out of the lungs, beyond a regular, or tidal, inhalation

Vital capacity

Is the total lung volume capacity, is the total volume of gas that can be moved into or out of the lungs (tidal volume+ inspiratory reserve volume+ expiratory reserve volume)

Residual volume

Is the amount of gas that remains in the lungs and the passage ways of the respiratory system even after a full exhalation. This gas never leaves the respiratory system; if it did the lungs and respiratory passageways would collapse. (Has little value for gas exchange because it is not exchanged with air from the external environment)

Circulatory system

The system of vessels that transports blood, and the cells and substances suspended and dissolved in the blood, throughout the body

Atrium

One of the two upper chambers of the heart that collects blood flowing into the heart. The right ____ receives blood from systemic circulation, and the left from pulmonary circulation

Ventricles

One of the two lower chambers of the heart; each _____ receives blood from the atria and pumps it into a systemic circulation or a pulmonary circulation

Septum

In the heart, the muscular wall that separates the two ventricles and the two atria

Vena cava

One of the two largest vessels, the superior and inferior ______, that open into the right atrium of the heart

Pulmonary arteries

Blood vessels that carries blood from the heart to the lungs

Pulmonary veins

Blood vessels that carries blood from the lungs to the heart

Aorta

Major artery that carries oxygen rich blood away from the heart and to all the regions of the body except lungs

Valves

Membranous extension of a vessel or the heart wall that opens and closes, ensuring one-way fluid flow

Arteries

Blood vessel that carries oxygen-rich blood away from the heart

Veins

Blood vessel that carries oxygen poor blood to the heart

Sinoatrial (SA) node

Bundle of specialized muscle tissue located in the wall of the right atrium of the heart; generate electrical impulse that stimulates cardiac muscle fibres (atrium) to contract and relax rhythmically, producing a heart beat

Atrioventricular (AV) node

Bundle of specialized muscle tissue located in the wall of the right atrium; receives electrical stimulus from the SA node and transmits this impulse over to the walls of the ventricles to start their contraction

Blood pressure

Pressure exerted against blood vessel walls as circulating blood passes through the vessels

Diastolic pressure

The lowest blood pressure exerted before the ventricles contract

Systolic pressure

The maximum blood pressure exerted during ventricular contraction

Pulmonary pathway

The circulatory pathway that carries oxygen-poor blood from the heart to the lungs and; oxygen rich blood from the lungs to the heart

Systemic pathway

The circulatory pathway that carries oxygen rich blood from the heart to body tissues, and oxygen poor blood from the tissues back to the heart

Coronary pathway

The circulatory pathway that supplies oxygen rich blood to and carries oxygen poor blood from the muscle tissue of the heart

Transports gases, nutrients, and waste. Regulates internal temperature and transports hormones. Protects against blood loss.

Main functions of circulatory system are:

The heart, the blood vessels, the blood

The circulatory system is made up of three major components:

Cardiac muscle

The walls of the heart are made up of a special type of tissue called?

Arteries have highly elastic walls to contract. Veins have thinner walls and large circumference the muscle contraction keeps blood flowing to heart.

Difference between arteries and veins structures: