AP WORLD Unit 3-4

1450–1750 overview

period of growing global empires, European expansion, and increased global interaction

Gunpowder empires

large centralized states using gunpowder weapons (Ottoman, Safavid, Mughal)

European rise

urope gains global dominance through exploration and technology

Maritime empires

overseas empires based on trade and naval power

Trading-post empires

coastal bases controlling trade routes

Gunpowder warfare

use of firearms, cannons, and fortified cities

Absolutism

monarch holds total power (divine right)

Parliamentary system

government where power is shared with legislature

Divine right

theory that monarch’s authority comes from God

English Bill of Rights

limits monarchy and protects rights

Age of Exploration

European global exploration beginning in 1400s

Franco-Habsburg rivalry

conflict between France and Habsburgs

Anglo-French rivalry

conflict between England and France

Religious wars

conflicts between Protestants and Catholics

Thirty Years’ War

major European religious war (1618–1648)

Seven Years’ War

global war over empire (1756–1763)

Ottoman Empire

major Sunni gunpowder empire

Safavid Empire

Shi’a Persian gunpowder empire

Ottoman-Safavid rivalry

conflict over religion and trade

Suleiman the Magnificent

powerful Ottoman ruler

Siege of Vienna

failed Ottoman attempt to expand into Europe

Songhai Empire

West African empire under Askia Mohammed

Kongo Kingdom

centralized African kingdom

Ashanti Kingdom

powerful West African state

Dahomey Kingdom

slave-trading African kingdom

Omani Empire

controlled East African coast

Boers

Dutch settlers in South Africa

Xhosa and Zulu

African groups resisting Europeans

Ming Dynasty

Chinese dynasty before Qing

Li Zicheng

rebel who overthrew Ming

Qing Dynasty

Manchu rulers of China

Tokugawa Shogunate

Japanese centralized feudal government

Reunification of Japan

end of warring states period

Mughal Empire

Muslim gunpowder empire in India

Sikh states

religious-military states in India

Maratha Empire

Hindu state opposing Mughals

Joint-stock company

business owned by shareholders

British East India Company

English trading company in Asia

Dutch East India Company

Dutch trading company

Spanish Philippines

Spain colonizes Manila

Conquistadors

Spanish conquerors of Americas

Piracy

attack on ships for profit

Hudson’s Bay Company

British trading company in North America

Pueblo Revolt

Native American uprising

Maroons

escaped slaves forming communities

Political centralization

stronger governments and bureaucracies

Global empires

European worldwide dominance

Printing press impact

spread of knowledge and literacy

Renaissance

continued revival of classical learning

Baroque art

dramatic artistic style

Enlightenment

movement emphasizing reason

Protestant Reformation

split in Christianity

St. Peter’s Basilica

Renaissance architecture

Versailles

palace symbolizing absolutism

Sunni-Shi’a split

division in Islam

Miniature painting

detailed small artworks

Carpet weaving

major Middle Eastern craft

Benin bronzes

African sculptures

Griots

oral historians in Africa

Epic of Askia Mohammed

African historical epic

Porcelain

Chinese ceramic

Journey to the West

Chinese novel

Kabuki

Japanese theater

Ukiyo-e

Japanese woodblock prints

Summer Palace

Qing architecture

Sikhism

religion blending Islam and Hinduism

Indo-Persian culture

mixture in Mughal India

Taj Mahal

Mughal architectural achievement

Religious syncretism

blending of beliefs

Vodun

blended African and Christian religion

Mestizo

mixed European and Indigenous ancestry

Creole

people of European descent born in colonies

Florentine Codex

record of Aztec culture

Global Christianity

spread of Christianity worldwide

Scientific Revolution

growth of scientific knowledge

Scientific method

systematic experimentation

Heliocentrism

sun-centered universe

Newtonian physics

laws of motion and gravity

Navigation improvements

better ships and tools

Gunpowder weapons

advanced firearms

Janissaries

Ottoman elite soldiers

Dutch learning

European knowledge in Japan

Global shift of knowledge

Europe surpasses Islamic world and China

Global economy

worldwide trade system

Mercantilism

wealth based on gold and trade surplus

Investment bubbles

economic crashes (tulipmania, etc.)

Tulipmania

speculative bubble in Netherlands

Mississippi Bubble

French economic crash

South Sea Bubble

British economic crash

Silver inflation

increase in prices due to silver

Protoindustrialization

early manufacturing

Silk Road decline

less importance due to sea trade

Atlantic slave trade

forced migration of Africans

Plantation agriculture

large-scale cash crop farming

Cash crops

crops grown for profit

Triangular trade

trade network between Europe, Africa, Americas

Global silver flow

New World silver spreads globally

Piracy and privateering

state-supported theft at sea

Burgher class

urban middle class

Bourgeoisie

wealthy middle class