w+w detailed

spartan citizens

-live off the income of their land and could dedicate their time to training and warfare

-they were not professional soldiers

-they ate their daily meal with the men who made up their military unit

-when young men came of age they had to be selected by companies in order to become a full citizen

-both your father and mother had to be citizens to gain citizenship

perioci

-communities that governed themselves but recogized spartas over control

-these people were landowners, crfatsmen and traders

-no participiation in politics

helots

-enslaved people but greek speaking

-land assigned to spartan citizens but the native people worked the land for them (helots)

-they were obliged to hand over a proprtion or fixed amount of their produce to their spartan masters

-helots presented a danger to spartan society due to their size (perhaps seven to one)

-460 BC major slave revolt

kings

two kings jointly ruled sparta, apparently descended from heracles

-one was a military leader, one was a religious leader

taxiarch

a senior commander in the Spartan army, was directly responible for the kings

enomotia

a 'sworn-band,' the smallest unit of the Spartan army, consisted of 40 men, linked to the ssysteion, took an oath to stay with eachother

roles of perioci and helots

-were used on campaign

-battle of platea - 5000 perioci and 35000 helots

-used as fighters but also craftsmen

-fought alongside spartans

-carried equipment and supplies

-served as light armoured troops

roman legionary fortress

what was the principia in a fortress

-held strong rooms for the legions money

-shrine that housed the aquilla and the century standards

-small offices used for administration

-bascilica - open space for commanders to adress troops

roman tactics

tortoise formation, balista (large crossbow), catapult, battering rams, seige tower

roman recruitment

-had to be a roman citizen

-had to bring a letter of reccomendation and appear before a board of examining officers

-carpenters, hunters and butchers were the most desirebale trade for a legionary

-period of probation after the interview where the applicant underwent careful medical examniation

roman training

-upon arriving he would have to take the military oath, this was renewed at the beginning of every year

-then displatcched for a period of intense training:

-marcching a legionary had to march for 20 miled in five hours

-fitness - swimming, riding, running and jumping

-weapons training

-riding - how to jump off a horse in full armour

- how to constrcut a camp

auxiliaries

-recruited from non-citizens in the empire

-upon retirement after 25 years of service an auxiliary would gain citizenship

-formerdd into smaller regiments seperate from the legionaries

-commanded by romans of equestrian rank

main duties of the navy

-transport troops and support land campaigns

-protect costal settlements

-supress piracy and support merchant shipping

-repel barbarian incursions

who commanded naval fleets?

a prefect, a man of senetorial rank

after being in navy

they were rquired to serve for 26 years, they gained roman citizenship, honourable discharge and a cash payment after this time

training for the roman fleets

-learning to row in time and change pace

-follow instructions and engage in naval manovers

-required body strength to row

types of ships the romans had

trireme, quadrieme, quinquereme, hexareme, libruna

estimated amount of men for the army

300,000men

army before augustus rule

no professional standing army, instead legions were raised for a campaign and then later disbanded

how many centurions

59

how many men in a century

80

how many men in the first cohort 150

contubernium

8 men who shared a tent and mess arrangments

cohort

six centuries except for the first five cohort

legion

ten cohorts, over 5000 soldiers plus 120 hoursmen who acted as scouts

centurion

in command

signifier

standard-bearer and in charge of the pay and centurys savings

optio

deputy, responsible for training

tesseraius

organsised guards and communicated passwords

cornicen

horn blower who sounds orders

primi ordines

those of the first rank - the five centurions of the first cohort

primi pilus

the first spear man - the most senior of the five centurions, post held for a year and siginifcant importance within the legion

cleopatra

the pharoh of egypt, egpyt was not a roman province yet and was only a client state . Cleopatra had an affair with Ceaser and bore him a son Caeserion. From 41 BC she and Anthony were in a relationship and had three children

who was mark anthony

Julius Caesar's right hand man and deputy, he was well loved by the people and their legions

who was Marcus Agrippa

Octavians childhood friend and an amazing military commander

Octavian

Caesers heir and nephew, 18 years old when Caeser was assasinated

tensions before the war

assasins of Caeser had been defeated, Octavian and Anthony were ruling together. O had the west, A had the east. 32 BC Anthony divorced Octavia, Octavians sister. Octavian portrayed Anthiny as under the spell of cleopatra and a deserter, he publicly read out his will than named cleopatra as his main heir and beneficiary. Anthony's soldiers deserted and Octaviamn declared war on Cleopatra.

the battle of Actium

-Agrippa set up a blockade on the supply lines of Anthony's resources and the island of Leukas, allowing him to set up a naval blockade

-A and C's forces suffered starvation and disease, many deserted

-A decided to fight at sea in an attempt to secure the West coast of Greece for himself

-in preperation A and C ordered for their chests of treasure to be loaded onto their boats

size of Octavians fleet

250 ships

size of ANthony's fleet

230 + 60 Egyptian ships

A and C trying to escape

Agrippa tried to outflank A +C's fleet and broke through and raced soutth due to the centre of Agrippa's line training

Anthony saw this and moved his flagship to a smaller quiereme and ordered them to flee as well

the aftermath of the battle

Cleopatra escaped the battle and Anthony followed, the survivors of his fleet eventually withdrew and many joined Octavians army

the aftermath - what did Anthony do?

he was beaten in Alexandria the next summer, he heard a flase rumor of Cleopatra being killed and captured, so he took his life. It took Anthony days to die and he eventually died in Cleopatra's arms

the aftermath - what did Cleopatra do?

she offered Octavian an allince, he refused and she pleaded for Caesrions life, but Octavian had him killed. Cleopatra then killed herself

the aftermath - what did Octavian do?

he spent the winter in Greece before sailing to Egypt the next summer

Trajan

the first emperor born from outside of Italy, he was from Southern Spain and came from a high ranking Roman family.

Trajan making his name in the army

-he served in Syria, his father was the goverener of Syria

-he was a tribune in the army and later became a Legatus of VII Germina

-became a consul to Rome

-married into Roman old money

Trajan becoming emperor

Nerva became emperor, he was childless and not popular with the army. Nerva adopted Trajan and made him his successor. Nerva died in 98 AD and Trajan becomes emperor

Trajan as a military leader

-conquest of Dacia, Parthia

-loved by soldiers and formed two legions

-marched on foot with his men to campaign

Trajan as a civic leader

-positive relations with the senate and upper classes

-built new projects such as new forums and new roads

-introduced welfare for the poor and orphaned children

-he extended the corn dole