Biology final flash cards

Independent variable

The variable you change on purpose; usually on the x-axis

Dependent variable

The variable you measure; usually on the y-axis

Controlled variable

A factor that stays the same in an experiment

Bar graph

Used to compare categories or amounts

Pie chart

Used to show parts of a whole or percentages

Line graph

Used to show change over time

Auto

Self

Di

Two or double

Geno

Birth or origin

Hetero

Different

Homo

Same or alike

Multi

Many or multiple

Pheno

Appearance or show

Poly

Many or much

Uni

One or single

Primary

First or most important

Secondary

Second in order or importance

Tertiary

Third in order or importance

Characteristics of life

Cellular organization, reproduction, metabolism, homeostasis, heredity, response to stimuli, growth/development, and adaptation/evolution

CHONPS

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Sulfur

Carbohydrate monomer

Monosaccharides, such as glucose or fructose

Lipid building blocks

Fatty acids and glycerol

Protein monomer

Amino acids

Nucleic acid monomer

Nucleotides

Carbohydrate function

Main source of energy for living things

Lipid function

Long-term energy storage, cell membranes, insulation, protection, and hormones

Protein function

Builds/repairs tissues, transports materials, fights disease, and controls chemical reactions

Nucleic acid function

Stores and transmits genetic information

Osmosis

Movement of water across a semipermeable membrane

Hypertonic solution

More solute outside the cell; water moves out of the cell

Hypotonic solution

Less solute outside the cell; water moves into the cell

Isotonic solution

Same solute concentration inside and outside the cell

Active transport

Movement across a membrane from low to high concentration using ATP

Passive transport

Movement across a membrane without using energy

Diffusion

Movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration

Facilitated diffusion

Passive movement through a membrane protein from high to low concentration

ATP

The main energy-carrying molecule in cells

Enzymes lower

Activation energy

Enzymes usually end in

-ase

Substrate

The reactant molecule an enzyme acts on

Active site

The part of the enzyme where the substrate binds

Mitosis result

2 genetically identical diploid daughter cells

Meiosis result

4 genetically different haploid daughter cells

Interphase

Cell grows, copies DNA, and prepares for division

Prophase

Chromosomes condense, nuclear envelope breaks down, and spindle fibers form

Metaphase

Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

Anaphase

Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles

Telophase

Two nuclei form and chromosomes begin to uncoil

Cytokinesis

Cytoplasm divides to form separate daughter cells

Longest phase

Interphase

Atom

Smallest unit of matter that forms an element

Element

Pure substance made of one kind of atom

Molecule

Group of atoms bonded together

Proton charge

Positive

Neutron charge

No charge

Electron charge

Negative

Compound

Forms when 2 or more elements chemically combine

Two types of compounds

Ionic and covalent

Ionic bond

Electrons are transferred, forming charged ions

Covalent bond

Electrons are shared between atoms

Properties of water

Cohesion, adhesion, heat capacity, universal solvent, capillary action, and surface tension

Mixture

Two or more substances physically combined

Solution

Mixture where components are evenly distributed

Solute

Substance being dissolved

Solvent

Substance doing the dissolving

Suspension

Mixture where a material does not dissolve evenly in water

pH scale

Measurement system showing concentration of H+ ions

More H+

Acidic; lower pH number

Less H+

Basic; higher pH number

Buffers

Help maintain pH and homeostasis in cells

Taxonomy

Classifying and naming organisms

Eukaryote

Cell with a nucleus

Prokaryote

Cell without a nucleus

Plant cell wall

Cellulose

Fungi cell wall

Chitin

Bacteria cell wall

Peptidoglycan

Taxonomy order

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

Six kingdoms

Animalia, Plantae, Protista, Fungi, Archaea, Eubacteria

Animalia characteristics

Multicellular, eukaryotic, heterotrophic, mostly reproduce sexually, aerobic

Plantae characteristics

Multicellular, eukaryotic, autotrophic, photosynthetic, have chlorophyll and cellulose cell walls

Protista characteristics

Eukaryotic, very diverse, often unicellular, may be autotrophic or heterotrophic

Fungi characteristics

Eukaryotic, decomposers, no chlorophyll, have chitin cell walls; examples include mushrooms, yeast, and mold

Archaea characteristics

Unicellular prokaryotes that often live in extreme environments

Eubacteria characteristics

Unicellular prokaryotes found almost everywhere; some are autotrophs and some are heterotrophs

Organic molecules

Molecules containing carbon

Macromolecules

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

Carbohydrate elements

CHO

Carbohydrate polymers

Polysaccharides such as starch, cellulose, and glycogen

Lipid elements

Mostly carbon and hydrogen with little oxygen

Three lipid structures

Triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids

Nucleic acid elements

CHONP

Nucleic acid polymer

DNA or RNA

Three parts of nucleotides

Sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogen base

Protein elements

CHONS

Protein polymer

Polypeptide

Amino acid parts

Amino group, carboxyl group, and R group

Enzymes are

Proteins

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Liver

Produces bile, breaks up fat, and filters waste

Gallbladder

Stores bile and releases it into the small intestine