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How Geologists learn about Earth’s Interior

Geologists study the Earth's interior using seismic waves, magnetic fields, and gravitational forces to understand its composition and structure. Techniques include analyzing seismic data from earthquakes and using samples from volcanic eruptions.

What are the three main layers of Earth?

Crust Mantle and Core

Seismic waves

The SPEED of the seismic waves and the PATHS reveal the materials and the size of the layers inside Earth

Pressure

Temperature

PRESSURE increases as you get deeper in the Earth

crust

The crust is a layer of solid rock that includes both dry land (CONTINENTAL) and the ocean floor (OCEANIC)

basalt

Oceanic crust is mostly composed of BASALT: a fine__ grained, dark colored rock

granite

Continental crust is mostly composed of GRANITE: a coarse___ grained, light_ colored rock

mantle

The mantle is made of rock that is very hot, but solid.  Scientists divide the mantle into layers based on physical characteristics of those layers.  Overall, the mantle is nearly 3,000 kilometers thick.

lithosphere

• Crust and uppermost mantle

• Rigid, strong, hard

• Averages 100 kilometers thick

asthenosphere

Very hot rock Under the crust Moves the crust

Mesosphere

• Beneath asthenosphere

• More rigid than asthenosphere

• Stiffness due to high pressure

Outer core

• LIQUID (molten) IRON and NICKEL

Inner Core

SOLID IRON and NICKEL

WATER BREAKKK

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The core and Earth’s magnetic field

Movement in the outer core, the inner core spins at a different rate than the other layers, and the convection in the mantle all contribute to the Earth’s magnetic field The magnetic field protects the Earth from space