Bio test 1

Monomers of proteins

amino acids

Polymers of proteins

polypeptide

Type of bonds that form between amino acids

peptide bond

Process that joins amino acids or monosaccharides

condensation or dehydration

Process that breaks polypeptides or polysaccharides

hydrolysis

Used by cells as the major energy source

glucose

Provide us with energy, insulation, and protect our internal organs from damage

lipids

Help carry out chemical reactions

enzymes

Molecule that consists primarily of carbon

organic

Atoms that give specific chemical properties to macromolecules

functional groups

Construct large molecules from smaller ones and break large molecules into smaller ones

enzymes

Chemical reactions by which cells acquire and use energy

metabolism

Requires energy, covalent bond formed, and a molecule of water is formed

condensation

Releases energy, covalent bond broken with the aid of water

hydrolysis

How cells store glucose in the liver and muscles

glycogen

Monomers of carbohydrates

monosaccharides

Two simple sugars linked by covalent bonds

disaccharide

3-20 monosaccharides

oligosaccharide

Hundreds/thousands of monosaccharides

polysaccharide

Monosaccharides bind together in condensation reactions to form

glycosidic bonds

Storage of glucose in plants

starch

Nonpolar macromolecule

fats

Lipid with three fatty acid tails attached to a glycerol backbone

triglycerides

Two major components of cellular membranes

phospholipids and cholesterol

Triglyceride with no double bonds between carbons, with maximum H atoms

saturated

Triglyceride with some double bonds in carbon chain

unsaturated

Enzyme responsible for metabolizing cis configuration fatty acids

lipase

Composed of an amine group, carboxylic acid, and functional group

amino acid

A bond between the amine group of one amino acid and the carboxyl group of another

peptide bond

Protein function depends on this type of structure

tertiary protein structure

Three-dimensional shape determined by disulfide bridges, hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic side chains, and ionic bonds

tertiary protein structure

Primary actors within the cell that carry out the duties specified by genes

proteins

Process by which proteins lose tertiary structure and thus function

denaturation

Proteins that help newly synthesized polypeptides to properly fold

chaperones

A misfolded protein that becomes infectious

prion