US history 8.1-8.3 vocab

reconstruction

a program implemented by the federal government between 1865-1877 to repair damage to the south caused by civil war and to restore the southern states to the union

radical republicans

congressmen who advocated full citizenship rights for African Americans along with harsh reconstruction policy towards the south

Wade-Davis Bill

a law that required a majority of prewar voters in confederate states to swear loyalty to the union before restoration could begin

Freedmen’s Bureau

a federal agency designed to aid freedom African Americans and poor white farmers in the south after the civil war.

Andrew Johnson

17th president of the US. Vice president under Lincoln, and became president after his assasination

Black Codes

laws that restricted African Americans rights and opportunities

Civil Rights Act of 1866

a law that established federal guarantees of civil rights for all citizens

fourteenth amendment

an 1868 constitutional amendment that defined citizenship and guaranteed citizens equal protections under the law

impeach

to accuse a public official of wrongdoing in office

Fifteenth amendment

an 1870 constitutional amendment that guaranteed voting rights regardless of race or previous condition of servitude

scalawags

a negative term for a southern white who supported the republicans after the civil war

carpetbaggers

a negative term for Northerners who moved to the south after the civil war

segregation

a forced separation, often by race

integration

the process of bringing together people of different races, religions, and social classes.

sharecropping

a system in which a farmer tends to a portion of a planters land in return for a share of the crop

share-tenancy

much like share cropping, except the farmer chooses what crop to plant and buys the supplies

tenant farming

farmer who pays rent to a landowner for the use of the land

Ku Klux Klan

an organization that promotes hatred and discrimination against specific ethic, racial, and religious groups

enforcement acts

1870-1871, also known as the Ku Klux Klan that made it a federal offense to interfere with a citizens right to vote.

civil rights act of 1875

a law that banned discrimination in public facilities and transportation

redeemer

a term for white southern democrats who returned to political power after 1870

Rutherford B. Hayes (1822-1893)

19th president of the United States. He oversaw the withdrawal of federal troops in 5. Signaling end of reconstruction

compromise of 1877

an agreement by which Rutherford won 1876 election in exchange to remove all remaining troops in the south

Jim Crow Laws

segregation laws enacted in the south after reconstruction

Poll tax

a sum of money to be paid before a person could vote.

literacy tests

a reading and writing test formerly used in some southern states to prevent African Americans from voting

Grandfather Clause

a law to disqualify African American voters by allowing the vote only to men whose fathers and grandfathers had voted before 1866 or 1867

Booker T Washington (1856-1915)

He was born into slavery and into poverty following emancipation. 1881: he was chosen to lead the Tuskegee normal, and industrial institution, where he promoted vocational education for African Americans

W.E.B Du Bois (1868-1963)

American educator, reformer, and champ of civil rights. He wrote “The Souls of Black Folks” , in which he critiques Washington, and says full civil rights for African Americans should be focused on.

Ida B. Wells (1862-1931)

An African American journalist who worked her life to end the practice of lynching in the South. Worked in NY and Memphis Free Speech Chicago conservator, and published an inquiry called “A Red Record”