PSYC 2070 Exam 3 LSU Knapp

infinite generativity

the ability to produce an endless number of meaningful sentences using a finite set of words and rules

phonology

the study of speech sounds in language

phenomes

smallest distinctive sound unit

morpholgy

the study of the structure of words

morpheme

in language, the smallest unit that carries meaning

semantics

rules that govern the meaning of words and sentences

linguistic comprehension

the understanding of speech

linguistic production

the use of language to communicate

prelinguistic communication

communication through sounds, facial expressions, gestures, imitation, and other nonlinguistic means

examples of prelinguistic communication

crying, cooing, babbling, gestures

first words are generally spoken around....

10-14 months

holophrases

one-word utterances that stand for a whole phrase, whose meaning depends on context

first sentences are typically spoken around...

18 months

telegraphic speech

when words not critical to the message are left out

overextension

when words are used too broadly, overgeneralizing their meaning

underextension

using words too restrictively

referential style

language is primarily used to label objects

expressive style

language is used to express feelings & needs

syntax

the combination & arrangement of words & phrases to form sentences

syntax doubles each...

month

fast mapping

new words are associated with their meaning after only a brief encounter

grammar

the system of rules that determine how our thoughts can be expressed

pragmatics

the appropriate use of language in different contexts

private speech

spoken language not intended for others

social speech

directed toward another person that is meant to be understood

metalinguistic awareness

an understanding of one's own use of language

learning theory approach

the theory that language acquisition follows the basic laws of reinforcement and conditioning

problems with the language theory approach

doesn't adequately explain how children acquire the rules of language as readily as they do

nativist approach

genetically determined, innate mechanism directs language development

Chomsky argued that children will never...

acquire the tools needed for processing an infinite number of sentences if the language acquisition mechanism was dependent on language input alone

Chomsky's theory of Universal Grammar

a similar underlying structure is shared by all world languages

Chomsky believes we are all born with a...

language acquisition device

language acquisition device

hypothetical neural system of the brain that permits understanding of language structure & provides strategies for learning particular characteristics of a language

criticisms of the language acquisition device theory

does not explain how learning disabilities involve delayed language usage, no proposed location, etc

interactionist approach

suggests that language development is produced through a combination of genetically determined predispositions and environmental circumstances

linguistic relativity hypothesis

states that language shapes & may even determine the way people of a particular culture perceive & understand the world

thought shapes language

symbolic function; consistent with Piaget; advances in the sophistication of thinking permit language development

thought & language shape each other

consistent with Vygotsky; advances in the sophistication of thought permits language skills to develop which allows for more advanced thought

infant-directed speech

a type of speech directed toward infants, characterized by short, simple sentences, higher pitch, varied intonation, & repetition of words

recasting

rephrasing something a child has said into a more coherent, grammatically correct statement

expanding

adds semantic or syntactic details to incomplete phrases

labeling

when parents show or point to an object or person and name it

bilingualism

the ability to speak two languages

bilingual education

students are initially taught in their native language, while at the same time learning English

immersion method

learning by being exposed to a language through everyday contexts

intelligence

the capacity to understand the world, think rationally, and use resources to problem solve

Binet's Pioneering Efforts

trial & error process in which items & tasks were administered to students

3 legacies of Binet's test

-pragmatic approach to construction of intelligence tests (trial & error)

-linking intelligence with school success

-assignment of each intelligence test to a mental age

mental age

how an individual at a specific age performs intellectually compared to the average for that age

chronological age

age as measured in years from date of birth

deviation IQ scores

scores that locate subjects precisely within the normal distribution, using the standard deviation as the unit of measurement.

Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale

series of items that vary according to age that progressively gets more difficult

Wechsler Child/Adult Intelligence Scale

provides separate measures of verbal & non-verbal skills (word problems, copying a complex design, arranging items in a logical order, etc)

Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children

children are tested on their ability to integrate different kinds of stimuli simultaneously and to use step-by-step thinking

Why is group administration problematic?

-questions tend to be more restricted

-children are more motivated when asked individually

-outside factors can disturb them

culture-fair IQ tests

designed to be independent of the cultural background of test-takers

Raven Progressive Matrices

asks test takers to examine abstract designs that have a missing piece & choose the missing piece from several options

reliability

consistency of measurement

validity

actually measuring exactly what you intend to measure

specific learning disorders

difficulties in the acquisition and use of listening, speaking, reading, writing, reasoning, or mathematical abilities

attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

a psychological disorder marked by extreme inattention and/or hyperactivity and impulsivity

dyslexia

impairment of the ability to read

dysgraphia

learning disability that causes extreme difficulty in writing legibly

discalculia

math learning disability that affects number-related concepts, reasoning, & problem solving

fluid intelligence

reflects information processing capabilities, reasoning, and memory

crystallized intelligence

the store of information, skills, and strategies that people have acquired through education and prior experiences and through their previous use of fluid intelligence

linguistic intelligence

skills involved in the production and use of language

musical intelligence

potential to appreciate, compose, and perform music

logical-mathematical intelligence

skills in problem solving and scientific thinking

spatial intelligence

potential to recognize and use patterns

bodily-kinesthetic intelligence

potential to use mind and body to coordinate physical movement

intrapersonal intelligence

the ability to understand oneself

interpersonal intelligence

the ability to understand and interact effectively with others

naturalist intelligence

ability to identify and classify patterns in nature

dynamic assessment

(Vygotsky) identifies an individual's skills as well as learning potential

Robert Sterberg developed his...

triarchic theory of intelligence

triarchic theory of intelligence

intelligence consists of three aspects: componential, experiential, & contextual

componential aspect of intelligence

mental components used to solve problems

experiential component of intelligence

refers to the relationship between intelligence, prior experience, and the ability to cope with new situations

contextual aspect of intelligence

how intelligence is used to face real-world demands; practical intelligence

practical intelligence

learned by observing others & modeling their behavior

emotional intelligence

the ability to accurately identify, assess, understand, & regulate emotions

creativity

the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas

divergent thinking

process of creating multiple, unique ideas or solutions to a problem

convergent thinking

applying established rules & logical reasoning to come to a conclusion

developmental scales

interview or observational instruments that sample behaviors from a particular developmental period

developmental quotient (DQ)

overall developmental scores that combines motor skills, language use, adaptive behavior, & personal/social skills

Bayley Scales of Infant Development

a measure that evaluates an infant's development from 2 to 42 months

mental scale

senses, perception, memory, learning, problem solving, language

motor scale

evaluates gross & fine motor skills

visual-recognition memory measurement

the memory of & recognition of a stimulus that has been previously seen; attention & representational competence

cross-modal transference

the ability to identify, using another sense, a stimulus that has previously been experienced only through one sense

achievement test

measures how much a person has learned in a given subject or area

aptitude test

a test designed to predict a person's future performance in a particular area or line of work

Does intelligence decline in adulthood?

yes and no; yes fluid intelligence declines with age, but no, crystallized intelligence holds steady & can actually improve

Salthouse's 4 reasons for the discrepancy between cognition and competence

1. typical measures tap different type of cognition than is required for success

2. highly successful middle-aged adults may not represent all midlife adults in general

3. degree of cognitive ability required for professional success may not be that high

4. middle-aged people may maintain or expand talents despite overall decline in intellectual skills

selective optimization

the process by which people concentrate on particular skill areas to compensate for losses in other areas

Least Restrictive Environment (LRE)

the setting most similar to that of children without special needs learn in

mainstreaming

integrating students with disabilities or special needs into the overall educational program

full inclusion

the integration of all students, even those with the most severe disabilities, into regular classes and all other aspects of school and community life