Human Physiology and Anatomy - Esthetician Study Guide

Anatomy

the study of the structures of the human body and the substances these structures are made of. It is the science of the interconnected details of organisms, or of their parts

Physiology

the study of the functions and activities performed by the body structures, including physical and chemical processes

Histology

microscopic anatomy, the study of the structure and composition of tissue

Cells

basic unit of all living things; minute mass of protoplasm capable of performing all the fundamental functions of life

Protoplasm

Colorless, jellylike substance in cells: contains food elements such as protein, fats, carbohydrates, mineral salts, and water necessary for cell growth, reproduction, and self-repair

Organelles

small organs- are specialized structures within a cell that perform distinct functions, similar to how organs function in a body

Cell Membrane

a biological membrane that surrounds and protects the interior of a cell from the external environment; it permits soluble (Capable of being dissolved or liquefied)  substances to enter and leave the cell

Nucleus

 a membrane-bound organelle found in eukaryotic cells that contains the cell's genetic material in the form of DNA. It serves as the command center of the cell, regulating gene expression and controlling cell growth and reproduction

Nucleoplasm

fluid within the nucleus of a cell that contains proteins and DNA: determines our genetic makeup

DNA

the blueprint material of genetic information; it contains all the information that controls the function of every living cell

Mitochondria

a cell structure that takes in nutrients, breaks them down, and creates energy for the cell, called ATP, adenosine triphosphate. Freely floating throughout the cells. Some cells have several thousand mitochondria, such as muscle cells, while others have none, like red blood cells

Neurons

nerve cells: cells that make up the nerves, brain, and spinal cord and transmit nerve impulses

ATP

transports chemical energy within cells for metabolism 

Mitosis

cell dividing into two new cells (daughter cells): the usual process of cell reproduction in human tissues

Metabolism

a chemical process that takes place in living organisms, converting nutrients to energy so the cell can function. Also eliminates waste. These functions allow organisms to grow and reproduce, respond to their environments, and maintain their structures

Tissue

a collection of similar cells that perform a particular function

Connective Tissue

fibrous tissue that binds together, protects, and supports the various parts of the body, such as bone, cartilage, and tendons. Bone, cartilage, ligaments, tendons, blood, lymph, and fat 

Adipose Tissue

specialized connective tissue considered fat, which gives smoothness and contour to the body and cushions and insulates the body

Epithelial Tissue

protective covering on body surfaces, such as the skin, mucous membranes, and lining of the heart; digestive and respiratory organs; and glands

Muscle Tissue

tissue that contracts and moves various parts of the body

Nerve Tissue

tissue that controls and coordinates all body functions

Organs

structures composed of specialized tissues designed to perform specific functions in plants and animals

Body systems

groups of body organs acting together to perform one or more functions. The human body is composed of 11 major systems

Skin Accessory Organs

oil and sweat glands, sensory receptors, hair, and nails. 

Integumentary

Largest organ of the body, first line of defense against infection and water loss; regulates temperature, perceives sensation, produces vitamin D: and has absorption capabilities 

Skeletal

Forms the physical foundation : Bones

Muscular System

Covers, shapes, and supports the skeletal tissue; also contracts and moves various parts of the body; consists of muscles

Circulatory System

Controls the steady delivery of blood through the body; works with the lymphatic channels: Heart with bolood vessels

Lymphatic

Protects the body from disease by developing resistance and destroying disease-causing toxins, foreign material, and bacteria: Spleen, lymph

Endocrine

affects growth, development, sexual activities, and normal regulatory processes of the body; consists of specialized glands: Adrenal gland, pituitary gland, pancreas

Reproductive

Performs the functions of producing children and passing on our genetics from one generation to another; differentiates between the sexes: Uterus, ovaries, penis, testes 

Digestive System

Break down food into smaller and smaller particles to absorb nutrients or for excretion: Esophagus, stomach, gall bladder, liver, small and large intestines 

Excretory

Refers to the elimination of waste matter: Kidney’s and bladder 

Respiratory

Enables breathing,g supplies the body with oxygen, and eliminates carbon dioxide as a waste product: Lungs, trachea, bronchi 

Functions of the Skeletal System

1. Support

2. Protection

3. Movement

4. Mineral Storage

5. Blood Cell Production (Hematopoiesis)

Bone Tissue

composed of several types of bone cells embedded in a network of inorganic salts—primarily calcium and phosphorus—along with collagen fibers

Joints

Locations where two or more bones meet, two types of movable and immovable

Maxilla

Upper Jawbone

Mandible

Lower Jawbone

Occipital Bone

The hindmost bone of the skull, located below the parietal bones; forms the back of the skull above the nape

Nape

Not a bone—this is the back of the neck, just below the occipital bone

Parietal Bones (2)

Two bones that form the sides and crown (top) of the cranium.

Frontal Bone

Forms the forehead, the top of the eye sockets, and part of the cranium

Temporal Bones (2)

Located on each side of the head, at the temples; they form the sides and base of the cranium

Ethmoid Bone

A light, spongy bone located between the eye sockets; forms part of the nasal cavity

Sphenoid Bone

A bone that joins all the bones of the cranium together; located behind the eyes

Nasal Bones

Forms the bridge of the nose

Lacrimal Bones

Smallest, most fragile bones of the face; located inside the eye socket, near the tear ducts.

Zygomatic Bones

Also called malar bones or cheekbones; they form the prominence of the cheeks

Hyoid Bone

a U-shaped bone located at the base of the tongue, and it serves as a support for the tongue and its associated muscles.

Cervical bones

 the seven bones that make up the top portion of the vertebral column, forming the neck region and providing support, stability, and movement for the head and neck

Ribs

consist of twelve pairs of curved bones that create the walls of the thorax.

scapula

shoulder blade, is a large, flat, triangular bone on each side of the upper back.

sternum

breastbone, is the flat bone that forms the front support of the rib cage.

clavicle

collarbone, connects the sternum to the scapula and helps stabilize the shoulder

Humerus

the uppermost and largest bone of the arm, extending from the shoulder to the elbow

Ulna

the inner and larger bone of the forearm, located on the side of the little finger and attached to the wrist

Radius

the smaller forearm bone positioned on the thumb side

Carpus

wrist, is a flexible joint made up of eight small, irregular bones called carpals, held together by ligaments

Metacarpals

a group of five bones located in the palm of the hand, connecting the wrist (carpal bones) to the fingers and thumb

phalanges

digits, are the finger bones—three in each finger and two in each thumb—for a total of 14 bones

Skeletal muscles

voluntary muscles: contract through conscious control

Smooth Muscles

involuntary muscles:  operate without conscious effort

cardiac muscle 

controls the heart

Muscles Origins

the fixed and stationary attachment closest to the skeleton

Belly

the middle section of the muscle

Insertion

 the movable attachment farthest from the skeleton

Frontalis

lifts the eyebrows, pulls the scalp forward, and creates forehead wrinkles

Occipitalis

a thin and quadrilateral muscle that covers parts of the skull and moves the scalp back

Epicranius

The muscle consists of two muscles that are located within the forehead and scalp: Frontalis and Occipitalis

Temporalis

a broad, fan-shaped muscle on the side of the head that elevates and retracts the mandible, playing a key role in chewing.

Muscles of the eyebrows

Corrugator, orbicularis oculi, levator palpebrae superioris

Corrugator supercilii

a muscle located in the forehead that draws the eyebrows together and creates vertical wrinkles.

Orbicularis oculi

the ring-shaped muscle surrounding the eye socket and is responsible for closing the eyes

Levator palpebrae superioris

a muscle responsible for elevating the upper eyelid

procerus

a small, triangular muscle located in the face, specifically in the glabella region between the eyebrows. This muscle is responsible for facial expression, particularly in the frowning or or winkling the skin between the

Nasalis

a small muscle located on each side of the nose that constricts the nasal aperture (nostrils)

Buccinator

a thin, flat muscle of the cheek located between the upper and lower jaw; it compresses the cheeks and helps expel air the lips, as when blowing a whistle

Triangularis muscle

Responsible for depressing the corners of the mouth, associated with frowning and expressing sadness. Located at the lower part of the face, lateral to the chin. It extends from the mandible to the angle of the mouth, forming a triangular shape

Vomer Bone

thin, unpaired bone located in the midline of the nasal cavity forming the nasal septum.

thorax

the chest consisting of the sternum, ribs, and thoracic vertebrae; it is an elastic, bony cage that serves as a protective framework for the heart, lungs, and other internal organs

Mentalis

the muscle that elevates the lower lip and raises and wrinkles the skin of the chin

Orbicularis Oris

flat band around the upper and lower lips that compresses contracts, puckers, and wrinkles the lips

Levator anguli oris

a muscle that elevates the lip and dilates the nostrils, as in expressing distaste

Risorius

muscle of the mouth that draw corner of mouth out and back, as in grinning

Zygomaticus

major and minor are muscles extending for the zygomatic bone to the angle of the mouth that elevates the lip, as in laughing

Masseter

the main muscle used for chewing, responsible for closing the jaw by lifting the lower jaw (mandible) upward.

Auricularis Muscles: superior, anterior, and posterior

the three muscles of the ear that work together to move the ear upward, forward, or backward

Platysma

a broad muscle extending from the chest and shoulder muscles to the side of the chin, it is responsible for lowering the lower jaw and lip.

Sternocleidomastoid (SCM)

Is the muscle extending alongside of the neck from the ear to the collarbone. It acts to rotate the head from side to side and up and down.

Latissimus dorsi

large, flat, triangular muscle that covers the lower back, It comes up from the lower half of the vertebral column and iliac crest (hip bone) and narrows to a rounded tendon attached to the front of the upper part of the humerus

Pectoralis major and minor

muscles of the chest that assist the swinging movements of the arm

Trapezius

muscles covers the back of the neck, shoulders, and upper and middle region of the back; shrugs shoulders; and stabilizes the scapula

Biceps

muscles produce the contour of the front and inner side of thee a upper arm; they lift the forearm, flex the elbow, and turn the palms outward

Deltoid

a large, triangular muscle covering the shoulder joint that allows the arm to extend outward and to the side of the body.

Triceps

A large muscle that covers the entire back of the upper arm and extends the forearm

Abduction

muscles that draw a body part, such as finger, arm, or toe away from the midline of the body or of an extremity. Example: In the hand, _______ draws the fingers together

Adduction

muscles that draw a body part, such as a finger, arm, or toe, inward toward the median axis of the body or of an extremity. Example: In the hand, ________ draws the fingers together.

Flexion

when muscles move to pull the body part toward the core of the body, such as when the biceps of the arm are activated toward the body.

Extension

when muscles straighten. When the wrist, hand, and fingers form a straight line, for example.