Microbio exam 3

Bacitracin

gram positive

inhibits cell wall synthesis

in neosporin

Neomycin

broad spectrum, inhibits protein synthesis

in neosporin

tamiflu

inhibits release of viral particles

paxlovid

inhibits viral protein processing

the current covid drug

made of a combination of multiple

acyclovir

inhibits nucleic acid replication

used to treat herpes and shingles

chloramphenicol

inhibits protein synthesis

narrow therapeutic index

could cause aplastic anemia

tetracycline

broad spectrum

inhibits protein synthesis

humira

limits inflammation (bind to TNF alpha)

polymyxin B

acts on gram negative

injury to plasma membrane

in neosporin

penicillin

inhibits cell wall synthesis

gram positive

discovered by fleming

ivermectin

injury to plasma membrane

paralyzes worms (acts on helminths)

miconazole

injury to plasma membrane

fungi (used for athletes foot)

artemisinin

kills Plasmodium falciparum

protozoa (malaria)

amoxicillin

inhibits cell wall synthesis

gram positive

remdesivir

old covid meds, broad spectrum for viruses

inhibits nucleic acid replication & transcription

innate immunity

born with it

very fast response

non-specific

comes from mother

adaptive immunity

slow response

defenses that target a specific pathogen after exposure (highly specific)

memory of microbe develops

physical factors in immunity

epidermis (keratin, old cells, dead skin shed)

lumen (villi, enterocytes)

tears (blinking)

ciliary escalator

peristalsis, defecation, vomiting, diarrhea

epiglottis

earwax

urine

vaginal secretions

chemical factors in immunity

sebum

lysozyme

gastric juice

vaginal secretions

differential white blood count

measures the % of each type of wbc in your body

normal wbc

5,000-10,000/mm³

neutrophils: 60-70%

lymphocytes: 20-25%

monocytes: 3-8%

eosinophils: 2-4%

basophils: 0.5-1%

what causes low wbc?

bone marrow issues, chemotherapy, HIV/AIDS, hep A + B, medicines (ex. antibiotics), bad nutrition, radiation

what causes high wbc

infection, reaction to meds, sudden stress, immune system issue, smoking/nicotine, leukemia

what is a primary response

first time the immune system combats a particular foreign substance (can be from infection or vaccination)

characteristics of a primary response

IgM higher in primary response

indicate active infection

neutrophils predominate in initial phase of bacterial infection

characteristics of a secondary response

later interactions with the same foreign substance, faster & more effective due to memory

IgG higher during secondary response

macrophages dominate later

signs & symptoms of inflammation

PRISH

pain, redness, immobility, swelling, heat

importance of inflammation

destroys injurious agent/limits its effect on the body

repairs and replaces tissue damaged by injurious agent

B cells

lymphocytes that are created and mature in red bone marrow

what do B cells do

recognize antigens and make antibodies (causes secretion of antibodies)

T cells

a lymphocyte that recognizes antigenic peptides processed by phagocytic cells

mature in thymus

secretes cytokines (causes destruction of host cell)

how do T cells work

T cell receptors (TCRs) on T cell surface contact antigen, causing T cell to release cytokines instead of antibodies

humoral immunity

produces antibodies that combat foreign molecules known as antigens. production of lots of antigens

involves B cells

(antibody-mediated immune system)

cellular immunity

an immune response that eliminates intracellular pathogens w/o using antibodies. eventually kills cell

(cell mediated immune system)

what is antibody titer

the relative amount of antibody in the serum

what is class switching

where initial IgM response shits to IgG, IgE, or IgA

active immunity

patient encounters the antigen and generates their own antibodies

passive immunity

patient gets antibodies against an antigen from another person (patient doesn’t make their own antibodies)

ex. fetus via placenta, infant via breast milk, infused preformed antibodies

artificial immunity

vaccine provides the antigen (not naturally encountered)

natural immunity

person encounters a pathogen (naturally encountered)

vaccine types

attenuated vaccines

inactivated vaccines

subunit vaccines

nucleic acid vaccines

attenuated vaccine characteristics

able to do replication (could be problematic for immunocompromised)

alive

inactivated vaccine characteristics

not able to survive, brings antigenic properties

dead

subunit vaccine characteristics

not the whole thing (ex. only protein, polysaccharide)

part of microbe

nucleic acid vaccine characteristics

brings in mRNS, encodes antigen in host cell

doesn’t last long (transient), aka needs boosters

vaccine importance to a community

if enough people are vaccinated it can provide herd immunity

important for immunocompromised

antibody classes

IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, IgE

IgG characteristics

monomer

80% of all serum antibodies

crosses placenta and protects fetus

IgM characteristics

pentamer (1 unit has 5 copies)

6% of serum antibodies

released as 1st response to an infection

short lived

IgA characteristics

dimer in secretions

13% of serum antibodies

in mucous membranes, saliva, tears, and breast milk

prevents microbial attachment to mucous membranes

major secratory antibody

IgD characteristics

0.02% of serum antibodies

similar structure to IgG

no well defined function in serum

IgE characteristics

0.002% of serum antibodies

high levels when infected w/ parasitic worm (lysis of parasitic worm)

plays important role in allergies