bio 2 exam 2?

What is an Animal

multicellular heterotrophic, eukaryotic organism

cells lacking in cell wall, held by proteins and contain nervous and muscle tissue most reproduce sexually but have a dominant diploid stage

porifera organization level

cellular

organization of everything else

tissue

Radial symmetry

Cnidaria and Ctenophora

Bilateral symmetry

Everything else/ us

Body cavities

Acoelomates

Playhelminthes (flatworms)

Body cavities

Pseudocoelomates

Nematoda (roundworms)

Body cavities

Coelomates

All others

Protostome development

Cleavage - spiral and determinate

Coelom formation - schizocoelous

Fate of blastopore - mouth

Deuterostomes

Cleavage - radial and indeterminate

Coelom formation - enterocoelous

Fate of blastopore - anus

Protostomes- molusca (claims snails)

Annelids- (segmented worms)

Arthropods - (crustaceans, insects)

Deuterostomes - echinodermata (sea stars)

Chordates ( vertebrates)

segmentation

Mollusca - soft undersegmented

Annelids - soft segmented

Arthropoda- hard segmented

Chordata - segmented

Epithelial tissue

Tightly packed cells used for lining

Stratified squamous, simple columnar

Connective tissue

Cells scattered thru an extra cellular matrix (bone , blood , cartilage)

Nervous tissue

Transmits signals (neurons)

Muscles tissues

Fibers for contraction ( smooth, skeletal, cardiac)

Trochophore larva

Lophophorate

Ecdysis

Porifera

Cellular level of organization

Mostly marine 9000 species only 100 freshwater sponges

Asymmetrical and sessile

Hermaphrodites

Often live in groups called a sleeze

Porifera

Choanocyte

Flagellated cells

Porifera

Ameobocyte

Pseudopodia

Porifera skeleton

Spicules( calcium carbonate or silica)

Spongin (protein)

Porifera water movement

Asconoid

Flagellated spongocoel

Ostia - spongeocoel- osculum

Porifera water movement

Syconoid

Flagellated canal

Ostia- incurrent canal -prosopyle- radial canal- apopyle- spongocoel- osculum

Classification

Calcarea

Calcium spicules

• Asconoid

• Syconoid

• Leuconoid

Class hexactinellidae

Silica spicules

Syconoid, Leuconoid

Class demospongiae

Silica spicules and or spongin

• Leuconoid

Radial symmetry includes

Cnidaria - hydras, jellies, sea anemones and coral

Creniphora - comb jellies

Tissue system level of organization diploblastic - endosperm - ectoderm

Cnidaria two body forms

Polyp and Medusa

Cnidocytes

Nematocyst thread with barbs

Cnidocil triggers sting

Cnidaria

Classes

Class Hydrozoa - man or war, hydra, obelia

Class Scyphozoa - jellies

Class Anthozoa - sea anemones, corals, sea fans, sea pansies

Class cubozoa

Hydrozoa

Most marine

Have polyp and Medusa

asexual (budding and sexual (zygotes snd larva) reproduction

Scyphozoa

All are marine

Pelo stage reduce or absent

Medusa stage free living

Common same sea jellies

Anthozoa

All marine

Polyp stage dominant

no Medusa stage

Cubozoa

Box jellies

Complex eyes embedded in Medusa stage dominant

Sea wasp - can kill 60 ppl

phylum Ctenophora

Comb jellies

Contain comb plates with cilia

Largest animal to move with cilia

Tentacles with Colloblasts

(Adhesive cells)

Phylum platyhelminthes

Flat worm

Acoelomates- no body cavity

Gastrovasular cavities - opening where food comes in and out

Organ system level of organization

Triploblastic

Platyhelminthes

Class turbellaria - planarians

Class monogenea- monogenes - one host)

Class trematoda - fluke

Class cestoidea ( tapeworm)

Class trematoda

endoparasitic flukes

Two hosts

Females fits into groove on male body

Class trematoda

Genus schistosoma

In water larva burrows into foot

Goes to skin moves to blood and ends up in intestines

invert host - snail

(Africa, South America, west India)

Blood fluke

Symptoms : pain anemia dysentery

Clonorchis

Enters by eating raw fish and moves to bile ducts

Liver fluke

Invert host snail ( China Asia Japan)

Symptoms : cirrhosis of liver and death

Class Trematoda

Swimmers dermatitis

Larva enters skin

Larva in skin can’t complete life cycle in humans

Class cestoidea

Endoparasitc tapeworm

Body part proglottids

Scolex with hooks and suckers

Genus Taenia

Beef tapeworms

undercooked beef

Taenia solium

Pork tapeworms

Undercook pork

Diphyllobothrium Latum

Fish tapeworm

Undercook fish

Dipylidium caninum

Dogtape worm

Undercook dog

Genus Echinococcus

Unilocular hydatid (cyst)

Associate with dogs and ruminants

Tape worm found in canine host

Eggs passed in hosts feces

If u eat larva it forms in spleen or heart and forms cysts and damage organs but cannot finish its life cycle

Pseudocoelomates

Includes phyla rotifera and nematoda

False cavity

• store nutrients

• movement

• Hydrostatic skeleton

• Space for organ development

Phylum rotifera

Mostly freshwater

Ring of cilia around mouth

Jaws with complete alimentary canals (mouth and anus on opposite ends)

Parthenogenesis - virgin birth

Phylum nemertea

Proboscis worms

Closed circulatory system

Complete digestive tract

Proboscis -jaws that can stick out

Phylum nematoda

Unsegmented, round with tapered ends

Complete alimentary canals

Decomposers, agricultural pests, parasites

Genus Ancylostoma

Nematoda

Hookworm

burrows into skin and moves to intestine

Genus enterobius

Nematoda

Pinworm

Pick up eggs from anus or dusts with eggs

Nematoda

Genus ascaris

Human roundworms (pick up eggs in food)

Nematoda

Trichinella

Trichina worm pick up from infected muscle in uncooked pork

Wuchereria

Blocs lymph channels

Pick up from mosquitos

Causes elephantiasis

Phylum mollusca

Most marine some freshwater and terrestrial

Most protected by shell (calcium carbonate)

Most contain radios

Most have open circulatory systems

Open circulatory systems

Arthropoda , mollusks

• hemolymph (no blood or interstitial fluids)

Closed circulatory systems

Mollusca , Nematoda, annelids, vertebrates

Blood

Interstitial fluid

Body parts of HAM

FOOT

MANTLE

VISCERAL MASS

RADULA

Phylum Mollusca

Class monoplacophora( neopilina)

Class polyplacophora (chitons)

Class Gastropoda (snails and slugs)

Class scaphopoda (tooth or tusk shells)

Class bivalvia ( clams mussels oysters scallops)

Class cephalopoda (squid octopuses)

Class monoplacophora

Single shelled

Segmented

Deep marine

Reduced head

Foot for locomotion

Radula

Class polyplacophora

Marine

Shell with 8 overlapping plates

Foot used for locomotion

Head reduced

Radula

Class Gastropoda

Marine freshwater terrestrial

Asymmetrical due to torsion

Shell coiled

(Reduced or absent in some)

Dextral vs sinistral

Foot for locomotion

Radula

Class scaphopoda

Benthic marine

Filter feeders

Foot to burrow in sand

Radula used to move food into gizzard

Class bivalvia

Marine and freshwater

Flattened shell with two valves

Head reduced

Filter feeders( siphons )

NO RADULA

Class cephalopoda

All marine

Head surrounded by tentacles

Shell external internal or absent

Mouth with radula

Locomotion by siphon

Closed circulatory system

Phylum annelid

Repeated segments

Specialized segment

Connections

Phylum Annelids

Classifications

Class oligochaeata - earthworms

Class polychaeta - marine worms

Class hirudinea- leeches

Class oligochaeta

Reduced head

No parapodia

Few setae per segment

Class polychaeta

Well developed head

Parapodia with setae

Tube dwelling and free living

Class hirudinea

Body flattened

Reduced segments and coelom

Setae absent

Suckers at both ends

Parasites, predators, scavengers

Phylum onychophora

Velvet worm

Walking worm

Link between annelids and arthropods

Unjointed appendages but segmented

Phylum tardigrada

Water bears

Can survive -300F to over 300F

name means slow stepper

Cryptobiosis?

Phylum Arthropoda

Hard exoskeleton

Segments carry paired appendages

Open circulatory system

nervous system similar to annelids

Contains 80% of all identified species (1 mil currently)

Arthropod diversity

Versatile exoskeleton

Segmentation and appendages

Highly complex sense organs

Complex behavior patterns

Metamorphosis

Athropod clasificación

Subphylum trilobita

Subphylum cheliceraformes

Class merostomsta ( horseshoe crabs)

Class pycnogonida( scorpions spiders ticks mites)

subphylum Crustacea

Class lobster crabs shrimps

Subphylum myriapoda

Class chilopoda (centipedes)

Class diplopoda ( millipedes)

Subphylum: Hexapoda

Class insecta

Subphylum trilobita

All extinct

Permian era 250 Mya

segmented without specialization

Paired appendages

Subphylum cheliceraformes

6 pair of appendages

One pair of chelicera

One pair of pedipalps (not in horseshoe crabs)

Four pair of walking legs

No mandibles or antennae

Class merostomata

6 pair of appendages

One pair of chelicerae

Five pair of walking legs

Unchanged since TRIASSIC period

Swallow coastal waters

Larvae similar to trilobites

Class pyconogonida

Called sea spiders (not true spiders)

May have extra legs

Duplicate segments

Polar oceans

Class arachnida

Scorpions are fish terrestrial invertebrates

Pedipalps with modified pinchers

Tail modified with stinger

Ticks and mites are parasitic

Spiders contain modified chelicera

Used as fangs to inject poison

Produce silk used for webs eggs escape and courtship

Subphylum Crustacea

Contain two pair of anteannae

Each appendage is bivamous

Mandibles

Body of two or theee parts

Mostly marine

Subphylum myriapoda

Contain one pair of antennae

Each appendage is uniramous

Mandibles

Classes chilopoda and diplopoda

Chilopoda - centipede

1 pair of jointed legs per segment

Position claws

Predators

Diplopoda Millipede

2 pair of jointed legs per segment fused

Herbivores

Subphylum Hexapoda

Class insecta

Most diverse of all arthropods

May has been cause of angiosperm diversity

Metamorphosis

Order blattodea

German roaches

Order Coleoptera

Beetles r coole

2 pair of wings front

Thickened elytra

Order Hemiptera

True bugs

Two pairs of wings ½ have hard outer shell sucking mouth parts

order demapretera

Earwigs are dermatologists

Order Diptera

Flies (1 pair of wings ; back from knobs called halteres)

order Hymenoptera

Bees wasps ants

Winged/ less 2 pairs membrane wings - thin waist

Order Isoptera

Termite

Order Lepidoptera

Butterflies and moths

Two sets of wings covered with scales

Odonata

Dragonflies and damselflies

Two sets of membrane wings large compound eyes and long abdomen

Phylum echinodermata

Deurostomes

Radial and indeterminate cleavage

Enterocoelous

Anus from blastopore

Phylum echinodermata

Radial symmetry

Water vascular system

Ambulcral groove

Madreporite

All marine

Phylum Echinodermata

Classification

class asteroidea ( seastars)

Class opiuroidea (brittle stars)

Class echinoidea (sea urchins, san dollars)

Class crinoidea (sea Lillie’s)

Class holothuroidea(sea cucumbers)