learning/memory

definition of learning

acquisition of new knowledge or behaviors

definition of memory

retention and recall of learned knowledge or behaviors

learning classification schemes

implicit, explicit, procedural, declarative

traditional view about types of learning

motor = procedural = implicit, explicit = declarative

components of explicit learning/memory in the traditional view

semantic, episodic

semantic memory

knowledge of facts

episodic memory

knowledge of events and personal experiences

components of implicit learning/memory in the traditional view

priming, procedural, associative, nonassociative

what is the traditional theory of memory and learning based on

patient H.M.

surgery that was done to H.M.

removal of bilateral hippocampus, amygdala, temporal multimodal association areas

H.M. surgery effects on memory

intact short-term and long-term of events prior, loss of ability to move new memories from short to long-term, procedural intact

interpretations of results of H.M. surgery

explicit/long-term memory formation is done in the hippocampus, explicit is separate from implicit and procedural memory

pathway for long-term memory storage

association cortices → parahippocampal and perirhinal cortices → entorhinal cortex → dentate cortex → hippocampus → back up

location of long-term memory storage

cerebral cortex

stages of long-term explicit memory storage

encoding → consolidation → storage → retrieval

encoding

attending and processing new info

consolidation

making short-term memories more stable

storage

mechanisms and sites for long term memory storage

retrieval

recall and usage of long term memories, requires putting information together from different locations

why are memories not recalled perfectly

the act of retrieval is subject to distortion if the parts are put together wrong

component systems of working memory

central executive system, articulatory loop, visuospatial sketch pad

function of central executive system

focused attention on relevant stimuli

function of articulatory loop

subvocal speech used as a rehearsal system to keep info in working memory

function of visuospatial sketch pad

tracing rehearsal to keep things in working memory

subtypes of nonassociative learning

habituation, sensitization, dishabituation, imitation

habituation

a decrease in response to a stimulus when it is presented repeatedly

sensitization

an increase in response to a stimulus following an intense, novel, or noxious stimulus

dishabituation

overriding of habituation by presenting a sensitizing stimulus

subtypes of associative learning

classical and operant conditioning

classical conditioning

learning a new relationship between 2 stimuli, repeated pairing of a conditioned stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus results in the conditioned one eliciting a response on its own

operant conditioning

learning the relationship between a behavior and its consequence (via reinforcement and punishment)

law of effect in operant conditioning

behaviors followed by pleasant events tend to be repeated and behaviors followed by unpleasant events tend to be avoided

priming

presentation of a stimulus leads to better/faster recognition of a similar stimuli

current view of motor learning

is generated by multiple forms (not just procedural), can include explicit processes

procedural learning

learning specific complex movement patterns

subtypes of procedural/motor learning

sensorimotor adaptation, use-dependent learning, reinforcement learning, strategic aiming

sensorimotor adaptation

changing a movement in response to a perturbation detected by sensory prediction error signals

use-dependent learning

high repetition of specific movement leads to short-lived shifts in movement

reinforcement learning

using rewards and punishment to instruct specific movements

strategic aiming

conscious correction of a movement based on target error systems

brain region associated with sensorimotor adaptation

cerebellum

brain region associated with use-dependent learning

motor control regions

brain region associated with reinforcement learning

basal ganglia

brain region associated with strategic aiming

cognitive and motor cortical regions