Physics Concentrated Review - 6th Scientific Grade

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering the key concepts and laws from the 6th Scientific grade Physics review notes, including electricity, magnetism, AC circuits, optics, modern physics, and nuclear physics.

Capacitance (C)

The ratio of the charge stored (Q) on either of the capacitor plates to the potential difference (ΔV) between them, expressed as Q = C \times \text{\Delta V}.

Dielectric Constant (K)

A dimensionless factor by which the capacitance of a capacitor increases when a dielectric material is inserted between its plates instead of air, where $C_k = K \times C$.

Electric Stored Energy ($P.E_{elec}$)

The energy stored in the electric field between the plates of a capacitor, calculated using formulas like P.E_{elec} = \frac{1}{2} C \text{\Delta V}^2, P.E_{elec} = \frac{1}{2} Q \text{\Delta V}, or $P.E_{elec} = \frac{1}{2} \frac{Q^2}{C}$.

Electrolytic Capacitor

A type of capacitor consisting of an aluminum plate and an electrolytic paste, characterized by high potential difference tolerance and marked polarity.

RC Circuit

A direct current circuit containing a resistor and a capacitor, where the current varies over time, such as in charging and discharging processes.

Lorentz Force

The resultant of the electric force ($F_e$) and the magnetic force ($F_b$) acting on a charged particle moving perpendicularly through a region where both fields exist: \text{\mathbf{F}}_{Lorentz} = \text{\mathbf{F}}_e + \text{\mathbf{F}}_b.

Magnetic Flux ($\Phi_B$)

A measure of the total magnetic field passing through a given area, calculated by \Phi_B = A \times B \times \text{\cos}(\theta), measured in Weber.

Faraday's Law of Electromagnetism

States that the magnitude of the induced electromotive force ($E_{ind}$) is proportional to the time rate of change of magnetic flux (\Delta \text{\Phi}_B / \text{\Delta t}) through the circuit: E_{ind} = -N \frac{\text{\Delta \Phi}_B}{\text{\Delta t}}.

Lenz's Law

States that the induced current in a closed loop has a direction such that its magnetic field opposes the change in magnetic flux that produced it.

Eddy Currents

Induced electric currents that circulate in conductors when exposed to a changing magnetic field, leading to energy loss in the form of heat.

Self-Induction (L)

The process of generating an induced electromotive force in a coil due to a changing current within the same coil over time.

Mutual Induction (M)

The generation of an induced electromotive force in a secondary coil due to the change in current in a nearby primary coil, where M = \text{\sqrt{L_1 L_2}} in the case of perfect magnetic coupling.

Effective Current ($I_{eff}$)

The value of an alternating current that produces the same amount of heat in a resistor as a direct current of the same magnitude: $I_{eff} = 0.707 \times I_{max}$.

Inductive Reactance ($X_L$)

The opposition offered by an inductor to the change in current flow in an AC circuit, calculated as X_L = wL = 2\text{\pi} fL.

Capacitive Reactance ($X_C$)

The opposition offered by a capacitor to the change in potential difference in an AC circuit, calculated as X_C = \frac{1}{wC} = \frac{1}{2\text{\pi} fC}.

Impedance (Z)

The total opposition to alternating current in a circuit containing resistors, inductors, and capacitors, measured in Ohms (\text{\Omega}).

Electrical Resonance

The state of an RLC circuit where inductive reactance equals capacitive reactance ($X_L = X_C$), resulting in maximum current and minimum impedance.

Quality Factor ($Q_f$)

The ratio of the resonance angular frequency to the bandwidth: Q_f = \frac{1}{R} \text{\sqrt{\frac{L}{C}}}.

Displacement Current ($I_d$)

A current that accompanies the time-varying electric field of an electromagnetic wave in space, unlike conduction current which moves through conductors.

Coherent Waves

Light waves that have the same frequency, constant phase difference, and equal or very close amplitudes.

Diffraction Grating

An optical device consisting of a large number of parallel slits, used to measure light wavelength and analyze spectra.

Blackbody Radiation

An idealized physical body that absorbs all incident electromagnetic radiation and is a perfect emitter of energy proportional to its absolute temperature.

Photoelectric Effect

The emission of electrons from a metallic surface when light of a sufficient frequency (threshold frequency) shines on it.

Stopping Potential ($V_s$)

The minimum negative potential applied to the collector in a photoelectric cell that reduces the photocurrent to zero, representing the maximum kinetic energy of emitted electrons: $K.E_{max} = e \times V_s$.

De Broglie Wavelength ($\lambda$)

The wavelength associated with a moving particle, where $\lambda = \frac{h}{mv} = \frac{h}{p}$.

Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle

States that it is impossible to simultaneously measure both the position and momentum of a particle with absolute precision: \text{\Delta x} \times \text{\Delta p} \text{\geq} \frac{h}{4\text{\pi}}.

Fermi Level

The highest energy level that can be occupied by electrons in a material at absolute zero temperature ($0 K$).

Forbidden Energy Gap

The energy range in a solid where no electron states can exist, separating the valence band from the conduction band.

p-n Junction

A basic electronic structure formed by bringing p-type and n-type semiconductors into contact, used to control the direction of current.

X-rays

High-energy electromagnetic radiation produced by the rapid deceleration of electrons hitting a metal target, considered an inverse photoelectric effect.

Compton Effect

The increase in wavelength of X-rays when they are scattered by electrons in a graphite target, proving the particle nature of electromagnetic radiation.

Isotopes

Atoms of the same element that have the same number of protons (atomic number) but a different number of neutrons (atomic mass).

Nuclear Fission

A nuclear reaction in which a heavy nucleus splits into two or more smaller nuclei, releasing a large amount of energy.

Nuclear Fusion

A nuclear reaction in which two light nuclei combine to form a heavier nucleus, releasing a vast amount of energy as seen in the Sun.