NMAT BIOLOGY | GENERAL AND ANAPHY

Scientific Method

Systematic process used to investigate phenomena and acquire knowledge

Observation

Examining a phenomenon or problem

Hypothesis

A possible explanation or scientific guess

Prediction

Expected outcome if hypothesis is correct

Theory

Testable explanation of a broad range of phenomena

Experiment/Data Gathering

Process of testing predictions through observation

Conclusion

Statement accepting

Publication

Sharing results with the scientific community

Properties of Life

Characteristics shared by all living organisms

Cell Theory

All organisms are made of cells from pre-existing cells

Metabolism

Chemical processes that sustain life

Homeostasis

Maintenance of stable internal environment

Growth and Development

Increase in size and maturation

Reproduction

Ability to produce offspring

Response to Stimuli

Ability to react to environmental changes

DNA

Genetic material containing instructions for life

hierarchy for environment

1. biosphere

2. ecosystem

3. community

4. population

5. multicellular organism

6. organ system

7. organ

8. tissue

9. cells

10. organelle

11. biomolecule

12. molecule

13. atom

Biosphere

All living things on Earth

Ecosystem

Community and its physical environment

Community

All populations in an area

Population

Group of same species in an area

Multicellular Organism

Organism composed of specialized cells

Organ System

Group of organs working together

Organ

Structure made of tissues

Tissue

Group of similar cells

Cell

Smallest unit of life

Organelle

Specialized cell structure

Biomolecule

Large molecules like proteins and carbs

Molecule

Two or more atoms bonded

Atom

Smallest non-living unit

Taxonomic Hierarchy

Domain

Kingdom

Phylum

Class

Order

Family

Genus

Species

Virus

Non-cellular entity that requires host to reproduce

Organism

Living entity capable of independent functions

different kingdoms

1. eubacteria

2. archaebacteria

• both kingdom monera

3. protista

4. fungi

5. plantae

6. animalia

Eubacteria

Prokaryotic unicellular organisms with rigid cell walls

Archaebacteria

Prokaryotic extremophiles

Protista

Eukaryotic unicellular organisms

Fungi

Eukaryotic organisms with absorptive nutrition

Plantae

Multicellular photosynthetic organisms

Animalia

Multicellular heterotrophic organisms

types of biomolecules

1. carbohydrates

2. proteins

3. lipids

4. nucleic acids

Carbohydrates

Biomolecules used for energy and structure

Monosaccharide

Simple sugar unit

Disaccharide

Two monosaccharides linked

Polysaccharide

Complex carbohydrate

Dehydration Synthesis

Formation of polymers by removing water

Hydrolysis

Breakdown of polymers using water

Proteins

Biomolecules made of amino acids

functions of proteins

1. catalysis

2. structure

3. movement

4. defense

5. regulation

6. transport

7. storage

Amino Acid

Building block of proteins

Peptide Bond

Link between amino acids

Primary Structure

Amino acid sequence

Secondary Structure

Alpha helix or beta sheet

Tertiary Structure

3D folding

Quaternary Structure

Multiple polypeptides

Enzymes

Proteins that catalyze reactions

Collagen

Structural protein

Keratin

Structural protein in hair and nails

Actin and Tubulin

Proteins for movement

Antibodies

Defense proteins

Hemoglobin

Oxygen transport protein

Lipids

Hydrophobic molecules for storage and insulation

3 types of lipids

1. oils

2. waxes

3. phospholipids

Fatty Acids

Components of lipids

Glycerol

Backbone of lipids

Phospholipid

Forms cell membrane

Micelle

Lipid structure in water

Bilayer

Double layer of phospholipids

Nucleic Acids

DNA and RNA involved in heredity

Watson-Crick Model

1. Nucleotides (monomer) are connected to each other by phosphodiester bonds.

   o Nucleotide is made up of three components: nitrogenous base, sugar (ribose, deoxyribose) and phosphate group.

   o Nucleoside = nitrogenous bases linked to sugar by N-glycosidic bonds.

   o The nitrogenous bases are purines (adenine, guanine) and pyrimidines (cytosine, thymine, uracil).

   o Base Pairs are connected by Hydrogen Bonds

Nucleotide

Monomer of nucleic acids

Nucleoside

Base + sugar

Purines

Adenine and guanine

Pyrimidines

Cytosine thymine uracil

Chargaff’s Rule

A=T and G=C

DNA

Double-stranded genetic material

RNA

Single-stranded molecule for protein synthesis

ATP

Energy carrier

Prokaryotic Cell

• Lack nuclear membrane

• Usually circular, ring-shaped chromosome consists only of

• DNA, without associated proteins, and lacks centromere

• Membrane-bounded organelles (e.g. mitochondria) absent

• Lack capacity to differentiate into specialized tissues in multicellular organisms

• Occur only as bacteria and cyanobacteria (blue-green algae)

Eukaryotic Cell

Cell with nucleus

• Nuclear membrane present

• Multiple, not ring-shaped chromosomes consist of DNA with associated proteins and have centromeres

• Membrane-bounded organelles present

• Great capacity to differentiate in structure and function with multicellular bodies

• Make up bodies of protists, fungi, plants, and animals

Animal Cell

No cell wall or chloroplast

Plant Cell

Has cell wall and chloroplast

Plasma Membrane

Controls movement in and out

• structural support, control of substances in and out of the cell

• fluid mosaic model: phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins

• present in all organisms

Cell Wall

Provides structure and protection

• bacteria: peptidoglycan

• plant: cellulose

• fungi: chitin

Nucleus

Controls cell activities

• generally present in all eukaryotes

Nucleolus

assembly of ribosomes

Ribosome

Protein synthesis

• varies in subunits for prokaryotes and eukaryotes

DNA

encoding of heriditary information

• found in all living organisms

Smooth ER

Lipid synthesis

• CHO

• only in eukaryotes

Rough ER

Protein synthesis

• only in eukaryotes

• has ribosomes

Golgi Apparatus

final modifcation of proteins, sorting, synthesis, transport and packaging

• present in all eukaryotes

Lysosome

intracellular Digestion

• present in all eukaryotes

Mitochondrion

ATP production; cellular respiration

• present in all eukaryotes

photosynthetic pigment

• light energy conversion

• pigments are present in some groups of prokaryotes and eukaryotes

Chloroplast

Photosynthesis; starch storage

• only in plants

central Vacuole

Storage, increase cell surface area

• present in plants only

Peroxisome

• beta-oxidation of very-long-chain fatty acids

• degradation of phytanic acid by alpha-oxidation

• degredation of hydrogen peroxide

• getting rid of toxins

• present in most eukaryotic cells

Centrosome

• regulates cell division via assembly of microtubules (spindle fibers)

• found in animal cells

• replaced by MTOC (micro-tubule orgnaizing center) in plants

Cytoskeleton

Cell structure and movement

• cell shape

• cell motion

• internal organization

• eukaryotes