Biology II Exam 4

How are animals classified?

By presence or absence of a backbone, body plan, and embryonic development.

What are the major clades of the animal kingdom?

Ctenophora, Porifera, Placozoa, Cnidaria, Bilateria.

What are some plesiomorphic characters shared with prokaryotes?

Metabolism, plasma membrane, ribosomes.

What synapomorphic characters do animals share with plants?

Sexual reproduction and meiosis.

What synapomorphic character do animals share with fungi?

Heterotrophy

What are some examples of autapomorphic characters?

Mobility, complex tissue structure, diplontic life cycle.

What is a diplontic life cycle?

A life cycle where the diploid phase is multicellular and the haploid phase is unicellular.

What are the three major body plans in animals?

Asymmetrical, radial symmetry, bilateral symmetry.

What is the difference between protostomes and deuterostomes?

In protostomes, the blastopore becomes the mouth, while in deuterostomes, it becomes the anus.

What is Heterotrophy?

consuming living or dead organisms

What is connective tissue?

includes both nonliving cells and living cells

What is Epithelial tissue?

covers and protects internal organs and external body structures

What is muscle tissue?

facilitates movement ,

What are the three different types of muscle tissue?

skeletal, cardiac, smooth

What are the different specalized systems in animals?

digestive, sensory, nervous, musclar, skeletal

What does embryonic development focus on?

Number of germ layers, presence of internal body cavity, origin of mouth and anus.

Cann all animals reproduce sexually?

all animals can reproduce sexually, some can reproduce asexually

What is a zygote?

one haploid sperm fuses with one haploid egg, results in one diploid cell

How many mitotic divisions does a zygote undergo?

3

What is the produce after three miotic division?

eigth cell blastomere

What is gastrulation?

formation of archenteron and embryonic germ layers

What is the archenteron?

gut cavity

Whatis the different layers of emryonic germ layers?

Ectoderm, Endoderm, Mesoderm

Do all animals have mesoderm?

no, not all

What is a blastula?

a hollow ball made after cleavage of a blastomere in the development of a zygote

What is the the hole of a blastula called?

blastocoel

What determines embryonic development?

homeotic genes

What are Hox genes?

DNA sequences on the homeotic genes

What is do the Hox genes consist of?

they encode protein transciription facotrs, which have enzyme that faciliate the transcription of mRNA

What is the nickname for Hox genes?

master control genes

What do Hox genes determine?

animal body plan

In what type of animals are Hox genes homologous?

all animals except Ctenophora and Porifera

Are Hox genes in different places for different species?

no they are in the same location and on the same chromosome

How many duplication events can Hox genes go through?

2-4

How many sets of Hox genes do invertebrates have ?

one

How many sets of Hox genes do vertebrates have ?

four

Who does not have the Hox genes?

Ctenophora and Porifera

What is the most acient of all animals?

Ctenophora

How many Hox genes does Placozoa have?

one

What are the different types of embryonic germe laters that animals can have?

diploblastic and triploblastic

What is diploblastic?

two germ layers

What is triploblastic?

three germ layers

What are the different layers in diploblastic?

ectoderm, and endoderm

What are the different layers in triploblastic?

ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderms

What is the symmetry in diploblastic animals?

asymmetrical and radial

What is the symmetry in triploblastic animals?

bilateral

What is Ectoderm in the different germ layers?

convers surface of animal

What is Endoderm in the different germ layers?

forms wall of digestive tract, and/or respiratory tract, urniary tract

What is Mesoderm in the different germ layers?

forms muscle, bone, circiulatory system, etc

What is asymmetrical body plan?

Absence of symmetry, no pattern in body part arrangement.

What defines radial symmetry in animals?

Arrangement of body parts around a central point.

What defines bilateral symmetry?

A single plane divides the body into left and right mirror images.

What types of animals have asymmetrical symmetry?

porifera, placozoa

What types of animals have radial symmetry?

Cnidarians, Ctenophores

How many different cell types do Placozoa have?

4

How many different cell types do Porifera?

12

What are some charactersitics of radial body symmetry?

no directional movement, no cephalization, recieve information from all directions

What are some charactersitics of bilateral body symmetry?

allow directional movement, cephalization, allow streamlined motion

What is Cephalization?

organized nervous system at anterior end

What is a coelom?

An internal body cavity derived from mesoderm tissue.

What are acoelomates?

Triploblasts that do NOT have a coelom.

What are eucoelomates?

Triploblasts that have a coelom completely surrounded by mesoderm.

What are pseudocoelomates?

Triploblasts with a coelom that is lined partially with mesoderm and partially with endoderm.

What are examples of acoelomates?

flatworms

What are examples of eucoelomates?

starfish, and chordates (animals with a backbone)

What are examples of pseduocoelomates?

roundworms

What is the difference between protostomes and deuterostomes?

In protostomes, the blastopore becomes the mouth, while in deuterostomes, it becomes the anus.

What are the subcategories of bilateral triploblasts?

protostomes and deuterostomes

What types of animals have protosomes?

athropods, mollusks, annelids

What is platyhelominthes?

protostome but only has one opening

What types of animals are deuterostomes?

chrodates and even echinoderms

What is protosomes?

the blastopore becomes the mouth

What is deutrostomes?

the blastopore becomes the anus

Which is more primitive, protostomes or deuterostomes?

protostomes

What is treu about animals with asymmetrical body plan?

are aquatic, sessile, or filter feeders

What is treu about all vertebrates?

they all have bilateral body plan

What are terrestrial animals constrained by?

gravity

What are aquatic animals constriained by?

density of water

What type of evolution go through for aquatic animals do to minimize drag in the water?

convergent evoluntion

What is an exoskeleton?

hard covering or shell that protects the animal and provides attachment sites for muscles

What are exoskeleton made up of?

chitin or calcium

What is the process that animals with an exoskeleton have to go through in order to grow?

molt

What type of animals have a endoskeleton?

chrodate

What is apodemes?

ingrowth at the sites of muscle attachment

What is an endoskeleton?

comprised of internal bone or cartilage that support body weight and movement

As the body size increase the bone and muscle increases, decreases, stays the same?

increases

What is endothermic animals?

use metabolism to maintai therin body termperature

What is ectothermic animals?

do no use metabolism to maintain their body temperature

What are homeothermic animals?

whetjer endotherm or ectoderms, maintina a constant body temperatureW

What are poikilothermic animals?

whether endotherms or ectrotherms, allow their body temperature to fluctuate depending on the environment

What is the metabolic rate in endotherms?

Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)

What is the metabolic rate in ectoderms?

Standard Metabolic Rate (SMR)

What is the Metabolic Rate?

the amount of energy expended over a given time

What are for long term energy storage?

Glycogen and fat

The active an animal, the higher or lower the BMR/SMR

the higher

How is the diet of an animal determined by?

BMR/SMR

Do small or large endotherms have greater surface area to body mass ratio?

small endotherms

Which one loses heat faster small or large endotherms?

small endotherms

Which one has a higher BMR a small or large endotherms?

small endotherms

What is Torpor?

decreased activity and metabolism to conserve energy