ap world test unit 7/8/9

Why did India and Pakistan split?

They split due to severe religious tensions between the Hindu and Muslim populations

Following the partition of India, who settled where?

Hindus primarily remained in or migrated to India, while Muslims largely migrated to the newly formed Pakistan

What was Mahatma Gandhi's opinion on the partition of India?

Gandhi strongly opposed the split; he advocated for a united, multi-religious India.

Why were people migrating globally from the 1960s to the present?

People moved primarily to seek better economic opportunities, flee political conflict, or escape poverty

In global migration patterns since the 1960s, where were most people going?

People generally migrated from developing nations (the Global South) to highly developed, industrialized nations (the Global North)

Q: What happened at Tiananmen Square in 1989?

A: The Chinese government used the military to violently crush peaceful pro-democracy student protests[cite: 1].

Why were students protesting at Tiananmen Square in 1989?

They were demanding political reforms, freedom of speech, freedom of the press, and an end to government corruption

What was Mahatma Gandhi's primary goal?

To achieve Indian independence from British colonial rule

What specific tactics and methods did Gandhi use to resist British rule?

non-violent civil disobedience (Satyagraha), economic boycotts (like the Salt March), and peaceful protests

How did World War II affect the spread of Communism?

The devastation of WWII and the Soviet Union's crucial role in defeating Nazi Germany allowed the USSR to rapidly spread communist influence and establish satellite states across Eastern Europe

What was the Warsaw Pact?

military alliance formed in 1955 by the Soviet Union and its Eastern European communist satellite states in response to the creation of NATO

What is NATO?

a military alliance created in 1949 by the US, Canada, and Western European nations to provide collective security against the Soviet Union

During the Cold War, which countries were on which sides?

The US and Western capitalist democracies formed NATO. The Soviet Union and Eastern authoritarian communist nations formed the Warsaw Pact

Who was the Soviet leader that initiated major reforms in the 1980s and 90s?

Mikhail Gorbachev

What were the key Soviet reforms initiated by Gorbachev?

Perestroika (economic restructuring) and Glasnost (political openness and transparency), which inadvertently led to the collapse of the USSR

What happened to the Ottoman Empire's territory after WWI?

The empire collapsed, and its Middle Eastern territories were divided into "Mandates" temporarily controlled by Britain and France under the League of Nations

What was the Marshall Plan?

A massive US program providing billions of dollars in economic aid to rebuild Western Europe after WWII, aiming to stabilize economies and prevent the spread of communism

What was the Truman Doctrine?

US President Truman's policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism, forming the foundation of the "containment" policy

Who was Fidel Castro?

A communist revolutionary who overthrew the Cuban government and established a socialist state

Why did Americans distrust Fidel Castro?

He allied with the Soviet Union, nationalized American-owned businesses in Cuba, and allowed Soviet nuclear missiles to be placed on the island

Where did major scenes of genocide occur in the 20th century?

The Holocaust in Nazi Germany, the Armenian Genocide in the Ottoman Empire, the Rwandan Genocide, and the Cambodian Genocide

What was the Treaty of Versailles?

The peace treaty that officially ended World War I

Who took all the blame in the Treaty of Versailles?

Germany was forced to take full responsibility for the war (the War Guilt Clause) and pay massive reparations

What international organization did the Treaty of Versailles create?

The League of Nations

From whom did Vietnam seek independence?

Vietnam fought for independence primarily against France (their colonial ruler), and later against US intervention.

What are Environmental "Green" Movements?

Social and political movements that emerged in the late 20th century to address pollution, climate change, and resource depletion.

How did Germany unifying into a nation in 1871 impact politics in Europe?

It completely disrupted the balance of power in Europe by creating a massive new industrial and military power, leading to intense rivalries

How did the Nazis impact Germany's economic situation in the 1930s?

Hitler revitalized the economy through massive public works and military rearmament, effectively eliminating unemployment

How did the economic situation in the 1930s affect Nazi popularity?

The rapid economic recovery and restoration of national pride formed the basis for Hitler's immense early popularity among Germans.

What were the differences between WWI and WWII regarding technology?

WWII featured much more advanced technology, including improved airplanes, heavy tanks, radar, and the atomic bomb.

What were the differences between WWI and WWII regarding the impact on civilians?

WWII saw significantly higher civilian casualties due to the Holocaust, widespread ethnic cleansing, and the strategic firebombing of major cities.

What were the differences between WWI and WWII regarding the style of fighting?

WWI was characterized by slow, defensive trench warfare, while WWII was characterized by highly mobile, rapid offensive tactics (Blitzkrieg).

What happened to the Russian Tzar in 1917?

Tsar Nicholas II was overthrown during the Russian Revolution and was later executed along with his entire family.

Who was the main leader of the Russian Revolution?

Vladimir Lenin, who led the Bolshevik faction to establish the world's first communist state

What was the main importance of the Middle East to European countries and the US?

The region's vast reserves of oil, which were essential for powering modern industrial economies and militaries.

What was decolonization?

The global movement following WWII where European colonial empires collapsed and colonies gained their independence

How did nationalism play a role in decolonization?

Nationalism drove these movements, as colonized populations united under a shared identity to demand self-determination and self-rule

Which newly independent nations saw the most economic and industrial growth in the second half of the 20th century?

Several Asian nations, notably South Korea, Taiwan, and eventually China, saw massive industrial booms and economic competition with the West

How and when was Israel created?

It was established in 1948 following a United Nations partition plan intended to provide a sovereign homeland for Jewish people

Why is the creation of Israel controversial?

The creation of the state displaced hundreds of thousands of Arab Palestinians, leading to ongoing regional wars and the unresolved "Palestinian situation"

How did the world wars affect the status of women?

The wars elevated their status because their essential contributions to the factory workforce and the overall war effort proved their value to society.

When and why did women in England get the right to vote?

They gained suffrage shortly after WWI, largely as a direct result of their societal contributions during the war

Why did Hitler have early success in taking over territory in Europe?

His early success was largely due to the policy of Appeasement, where Britain and France gave in to his territorial demands to avoid starting another war

What is Pan-Africanism?

A movement aimed at unifying people of African descent worldwide, promoting solidarity, independence from colonial rule, and economic cooperation among African nations

What major epidemic occurred during WWI?

The 1918 Influenza Pandemic (often called the Spanish Flu), which killed tens of millions of people globally

What is the difference between the Global South and the Global North?

The Global North refers to wealthier, industrialized nations, while the Global South refers to developing nations often facing poverty and infrastructure problems left over from colonialism

What was the Comintern?

The Communist International, an organization founded by Lenin in 1919 that advocated for world communism and actively supported communist revolutions globally

What is the main difference between Socialism and Communism?

Socialism allows for some private property and democratic systems, while Communism is a more extreme, stateless, and classless society where all property is publicly owned by the state