SAAT Biology Section 1 (Fundamentals of Biology) - تحصيلي

A group of students saw the effect of a disease on frogs in a pond

Observation

It is a testable explanation

Hypothesis

A hypothesis supported by experiments and conclusions

Theory

What is used for comparison?

The control group (standard)

Mendel thought that traits are passed on from generations to offspring

This is a hypothesis

Bats are closer to mammals than birds

Conclusion

Energy cannot be created nor destroyed, and this is called

A scientific law

It is the grouping of organisms based on a set of characteristics

Taxonomy (classification)

A scientist divided plants into herbs, shrubs, and trees, and divided animals into red blooded or non-red blooded

Aristotle

The first to develop an official (global) system of classification

Linnaeus

It is not a rule to write the scientific name of a living organism

Written in French

The higher taxonomic rank over the family

Order

Dog and cat are different in

Family

In the modern classification there are

Three domains, six kingdoms

It includes four kingdoms (protists, fungi, plants, and animals)

Domain eukaryotes

A protein enclosing a genetic material is called

Virus

An infectious particle made only of protein is called a

Prion

Any organism or particle that can cause an infectious disease is called a

Pathogen

Which of the following are infectious RNA particles that cause disease in plants?

Viroids

Which of the following are one-celled prokaryotes?

Bacteria is a one-celled prokaryote

What part of a virus determines which host the virus infects?

Surface proteins

Viruses that infect bacteria are called

Bacteriophages

In which of the following types of infection will the infected host cell burst?

Lytic infection

The protein shell of a virus is called a

Capsid

When viral DNA combines with the host cell’s DNA, this is the

Lysogenic cycle

Which of the following is a rapid outbreak of an infection that effects many people?

An epidemic

HIV is considered a retrovirus because it

Uses RNA to make DNA

A substance that stimulates the body’s immune response against future invasion by microbes is a

Vaccine

When HIV causes a lysogenic infection, it can remain dormant for years. When it becomes a lyric infection, it

Destroys white blood cells (T cells)

For which of the following viral diseases is there a vaccine?

Influenza

Prokaryotes that need oxygen to live are called

Obligate aerobes

Prokaryotes can move by the use of

Flagella

Bacteria are classified as Gran-positive based on a substance found in their

Cell walls

A bacterium may survive a drought because it is protected by a/an

Endospore

Bacteria that are rod shaped are called

Bacilli

Like photosynthetic plants, Cyanobacteria produce

Oxygen

The lytic cycle take place inside

Cytoplasm

How do bacteria benefit from living in a human digestive system?

They get food and a place to live

Bacteria impart flavor to cheese through the process of

Fermentation

Legumes have a mutualistic relationship with bacteria that live in

Their root modules

Chemicals that kill bacteria or slow their growth are called

Antibiotics

Botulism is a serious illness caused by an organism

Releasing a toxin

Misuse of antibiotics can lead to a multi-drug resistance in

The bacteria

Bacteria can acquire genes for resistance to an antibiotic through

Plasmid exchange

Antibiotics cannot prevent viruses from making cell walls because viruses

Do not have cell walls

Which of the following infectious organisms is the simplest?

Prion

The genetic material of a virus consists of

RNA or DNA

What shape is the virus in Figure 18.1?

Polyhedral

In the virus in Figure 18.1, what structure is labeled C?

Envelope

Prions are infectious particles composed of

Proteins

A viral capsid is composed of

DNA

How does the DNA of a bacteriophage enter a host cell?

Binary fission

What causes cavities?

Bacteria

The enzyme that the HIV virus uses to copy RNA into DNA is

Inverse transcriptase

A bacteria that is capable of living in an environment with or without oxygen is often called

Obligate anaerobe

In the bacterium in Figure 18.2, what is the structure labeled B?

Flagellum

In the bacterium in Figure 18.2, what is the structure labeled C?

Puli

Bioremediation uses microbes to

Clean up pollutants

Antibiotics are used to fight

Bacterial infections

Prokaryotes reproduce by

Doing binary fission

A primitive bacterium that lives in the alimentary canal of humans, animals, and wastewater is called

Methanophiles

The chromosomes in prokaryotes differ from eukaryotes in that they are arranged

Spirally (in a spiral pattern)

Which of the following substances are present in all viruses?

Genetic material and protein coat

The DNA of many prokaryotes is at least a smaller piece of

Plasmid

A technique used with the cell wall to identify the two main types of bacteria

Gram stain

Why does the doctor need to know the type of cell wall of the disease causing bacteria?

To prescribe an antibiotic

A method that helps bacteria survive in an ever-changing environment

Endospores (highly dormant and resistant in changing environments)

Important bacteria for human survival that produce vitamin K

Escherichia Coli

Relationship between bacteria and roots of leguminous plants

Symbiosis

A method of reproduction of that allows the exchange of genetic material between two individuals of the same species

Conjugation

HIV is a retrovirus, what does that mean?

The virus uses RNA to make DNA

Prokaryotic genes are located on a large circular chromosome in a region of the cell called the chromosome

Nucleoid

Depending on where they are found which of the following is the most dangerous to human health?

Bacteria-eating virus

Filamentous appendages that play a role in locomotion

Flagella

Which of the following creatures does not belong to archaea bacteria?

Cyanobacteria (doesn’t belong)

A protein that causes infection to the living organisms

The protein prion

Which of the following diseases is caused by prions?

Kurtzfeldt Jacob

The positive gram bacteria gives which color when stained?

Purple

Cholera is a fatal disease caused by

Bacterial pathogen