Phonation

Exam 2

Spasmodic dysphonia

Spasmodic dysphonia

________ is a disease in which the voice sounds tremorous or shaky because it affects the vocal cords.

terms of vocal quality

In ________, holes in the palate could lead to nasal sounding speech.

Surgery

________ is used to remove mass lesions (i.e.

Additional weight

________ on the vocal folds affects pitch and loudness because pitch and loudness is contingent upon the pressure from the lungs.

Pharmocology

________ can be used to treat the larynx and two examples of these are steroids (used to treat edema) and BOTOX (used to treat spasmodic dysphonia)

thyroid backward

Decreasing Pitch* Thyroarytenoid decreasing pitch: Tilts the ________ to relax the vocal process and at the same time pulls the muscular process forward to assist in medial compression /

stiff rubber

Length + tension, ________ bands* Hiranos theory: The combination of mechanical properties of the 5 layers determines the mode of vocal fold vibration.

Pitch

Increasing ________* Cricothyroid increases ________: decreases the distance between the cricoid and the thyroid cartilages, thus elongating the vocal process and places it under increased tension.

Conus elasticus

________: Membrane covering cricoid arch, thyroid and the vocal fold /

aryepiglottic folds

The ________ and the arytenoid cartilages are large relative to other laryngeal structures.

Direct Laryngoscopy

________ is performed under: anesthesia* Photography of Lx: Paul Moore (1937), MIT, UF High- speed motion pictures and 4000 frames /sec* Two types of endoscopy: Rigid and flexible* Videostroboscopy: Allows the human eye to see the vibratory motion of the VF in slow motion and directly observes the appratent motion of the larynx* http:/www.rrze.unierlangen.de /docs /FAU /fakultaet /med /kli /kphno /phon /ppglotte.htm /

Posterior Cricoarytenoid Ligament

________: The largest intrinsic ligament restricting and dictating movements of the arytenoids*/5.

Cricotracheal membrane

________: an extrinsic laryngeal connection between cricoid and 1st tracheal ring.

Parkinsons disease

________ is also characterized by tremor and muscle weakness /slowness.

immature larynxs hyoid cartilage

A(n) ________ overlaps the thyroid, there is no vertical prominence in the thyroid and the cricothyroid membrane is a slit /

[](https

/ knowt-user-attachments.s3.amazonaws.com/4c0387dffe8f4022b112d598402d7fc8.jpeg =213x218) 2

Abduction of the Arytenoids * Posterior Cricoarytenoid (PCA) abduction

Pulls the muscular process of the arytenoids posteriorly, rocking the arytenoids back to their axis (active during physical exercise to permit greater air in and out) /

[](https

/ knowt-user-attachments.s3.amazonaws.com/b8fad737220846a4a42982ec18f4df2a.jpeg =213x130)

[](https

/ knowt-user-attachments.s3.amazonaws.com/abd5137c0e3346efb36f7a1dcc7c4b5d.jpeg =213x181) 3

Increasing Pitch * Cricothyroid increases pitch

decreases the distance between the cricoid and the thyroid cartilages, thus elongating the vocal process and places it under increased tension

Hyothyroid membrane

An extrinsic laryngeal connection between hyoid and throid * / 2

Middle Hyothyroid Ligament

The thicker portion of the hypothyroid membrane and is also an extrinsic laryngeal ligament * / 3

Cricotracheal membrane

an extrinsic laryngeal connection between cricoid and 1st tracheal ring

Posterior Cricoarytenoid Ligament

The largest intrinsic ligament restricting and dictating movements of the arytenoids * / 5

Conus elasticus

Membrane covering cricoid arch, thyroid and the vocal fold /

[](https

/ knowt-user-attachments.s3.amazonaws.com/ea3522e360b64019b1e6d1af24e61b0e.jpeg =213x166)

[](https

/ knowt-user-attachments.s3.amazonaws.com/56611b52f1ec4bf98f70fcc87f71c5c9.jpeg =213x163) /

[](https

/ knowt-user-attachments.s3.amazonaws.com/e7f547401fdf4e9abcc19e92c3fa4379.jpeg =213x157) 4

Decreasing Pitch * Thyroarytenoid decreasing pitch

Tilts the thyroid backward to relax the vocal process and at the same time pulls the muscular process forward to assist in medial compression /

[](https

/ knowt-user-attachments.s3.amazonaws.com/8be079978d9442ddae8217bc485fb36f.jpeg =213x175)

Consists of the epithelium, lamina propria, intermediate layer, deep layer and vocalis muscle * Epithelium

Outer layer of the vocal folds

Stiff mosaic tissue for protection * Lamina propria

middle layer of vocal folds

Consists of loose fibers with fluid spaces= "cobweb" * Intermediate layer

Elastic fibers with recoil features = soft rubber band

length + tension, stiff rubber bands * Hiranos theory

The combination of mechanical properties of the 5 layers determines the mode of vocal fold vibration

[](https

/ knowt-user-attachments.s3.amazonaws.com/851464606df54cd6a2cb164ae9c09f2e.jpeg =213x188)

[](https

/ knowt-user-attachments.s3.amazonaws.com/126902d456b64605b57e06ab68f1c588.jpeg =213x170)

[](https

/ knowt-user-attachments.s3.amazonaws.com/fcf124eea2394f8dba0b6ea5f13d9ba9.jpeg =213x166) Mechanical Properties * / 1

Tension (stiffness)

major determinant of Fol increase tension (decrease elasticity) increase vibrations * / 2

Mass

thickness

Length

source

[](https

/ knowt-user-attachments.s3.amazonaws.com/d3b63714715940b38172d960aba06ee7.jpeg =384x233)

[](https

/ knowt-user-attachments.s3.amazonaws.com/4a83458110e14e26a2dc38e949c41895.jpeg =384x364)

[](https

/ knowt-user-attachments.s3.amazonaws.com/6ac9c03ec56b41d18bf6ed9ca90756be.jpeg =384x286)

/ Mechanism of Vocal Quality Variation * The mechanism of the vocal quality variation is impacted by the quality of the

The mechanism of the vocal quality variation is impacted by the quality of the phonatory system (tissues) * What does smoking fo to your vocal folds

• Sputum

A mixture of saliva and mucus coughed up from the respiratory tract, typically s a result of infection or other disease and often examined microscopically to aid medical diagnosis

• The coordination of influences the mechanism of vocal quality variation

muscles (tremor) * What is a disease in which the voice sounds tremorous or shaky

Patients with Parkinsons notice that their voice becomes weak and tremulous * The shape and configuration of the can affect the mechanism of vocal quality variation

The shape and configuration of the vocal tract (cleft palate) can affect the mechanism of vocal quality variation * How does the voice sound when there is a hole in the palate

• The differences between adult laryngeal anatomy and pediatric laryngeal anatomy are more significant than

The differences between adult laryngeal anatomy and pediatric laryngeal anatomy are more significant than mere size of the structures

[](https

/ knowt-user-attachments.s3.amazonaws.com/96696af8f1ce4b789f2d905856b697b1.jpeg =384x424)

• The thyroid cartilage of the pediatric larynx is

In the pediatric larynx, the thyroid cartilage is not as prominent as it is in the adult

[](https

/ knowt-user-attachments.s3.amazonaws.com/f5d1ac75078a43c1ac9c9b618997ee84.jpeg =384x222) * In addition to the thyroid cartilage of the pediatric larynx, what else is also not prominent

The cricoid cartilage of the pediatric larynx is also not prominent * This can be felt as a depression between the thyroid and the cricoid in the adult larynx; however, in the pediatric larynx it is just a little slit

In the adult larynx, the cricothyroid membrane can be felt as a depression between the thyroid and the cricoid; however, in the pediatric larynx it is just a little slit /

[](https

/ knowt-user-attachments.s3.amazonaws.com/d755f9a1ed4b4e38a74a6aedefb623be.jpeg =384x275) * What are the three main differences between an immature and mature larynx

[](https

/ knowt-user-attachments.s3.amazonaws.com/11b0f8d665b14268a74458aee6fde330.jpeg =384x198) * What is the diameter of the pediatric trachea

[](https

/ knowt-user-attachments.s3.amazonaws.com/7d7f27bb3641469e821e2bd3f18b046d.jpeg =384x136) * What shape does the airway in an adult take and where does it start

[](https

/ knowt-user-attachments.s3.amazonaws.com/5923773e2c16418f9a6286faea040862.jpeg =384x313)

[](https

/ knowt-user-attachments.s3.amazonaws.com/219f18be908f4c8b872e39492ad1e897.jpeg =384x202)

[](https

/ knowt-user-attachments.s3.amazonaws.com/19470b13156d4c23b64a1039156ab6dd.jpeg =340x259) * What distinguishes a childs larynx from an adults larynx

[](https

/ knowt-user-attachments.s3.amazonaws.com/86e54118d410483e8cc7f44a8d4206f0.jpeg =384x236) Vocal Folds Length of the Entire Vocal Fold * What is the length of the entire vocal fold in newborns

[](https

/ knowt-user-attachments.s3.amazonaws.com/26564ee79c544fbc83c73664ff6b3148.jpeg =384x269)

[](https

/ knowt-user-attachments.s3.amazonaws.com/682dd248862c402d8feddcfb4cc05f52.jpeg =384x255) * Why may normal respiratory pressure be enough to deform the laryngeal structure (e.g Laryngomalacia and Tracheomalacia)

[](https

/ knowt-user-attachments.s3.amazonaws.com/ec0ef2a80d574cda918f9ec0096bc3d9.jpeg =384x212) * What should be taken into consideration while considering a cricothyroctomy or a cricothyroid puncture

[](https

/ knowt-user-attachments.s3.amazonaws.com/5e100923bb8f4236b7ac35a5b8132003.jpeg =384x295) How are pathologies of the larynx treated

[](https

/ knowt-user-attachments.s3.amazonaws.com/e230802f9c134ff094f4d568e9b19adb.jpeg =384x290) * What are six ways that the pathology of the larynx can be treated with voice therapy

[](https

/ knowt-user-attachments.s3.amazonaws.com/96d33bb33686457e92b4f130a2b99258.jpeg =384x291)

[](https

/ knowt-user-attachments.s3.amazonaws.com/e2a8f79ea41b459fbff2619ee058faa0.jpeg =384x265)

[](https

/ knowt-user-attachments.s3.amazonaws.com/39e3733631fe4d37b7505c0dc81a278b.jpeg =384x237)

[](https

/ knowt-user-attachments.s3.amazonaws.com/68214a94684c414da3424b6a8883feda.jpeg =384x287) /

[](https

/ knowt-user-attachments.s3.amazonaws.com/019fbb48864d49beae6ee10959429a26.jpeg =384x238)

[](https

/ knowt-user-attachments.s3.amazonaws.com/5849042bf67d4852a5193dfff55a891d.jpeg =384x203)

[](https

/ knowt-user-attachments.s3.amazonaws.com/2e8efeb6b4f645e3aaa2c1c77c60aa0b.jpeg =384x275)

[](https

/ knowt-user-attachments.s3.amazonaws.com/316fa14337184d7db90a0a2c61a4bfa1.jpeg =384x264)

[](https

/ knowt-user-attachments.s3.amazonaws.com/289c72f803a44a1e8005c5b8e51a9a94.jpeg =384x227)

[](https

/ knowt-user-attachments.s3.amazonaws.com/15b5dd3ad0a045e1ba36a21d9fdb89f5.jpeg =384x288)

[](https

/ knowt-user-attachments.s3.amazonaws.com/ea815d03e4924c53adf9d08b8cddb5bf.jpeg =384x286)

[](https

/ knowt-user-attachments.s3.amazonaws.com/291f96c937eb4be5a44dad5cdc93696f.jpeg =384x284)

[](https

/ knowt-user-attachments.s3.amazonaws.com/8f9e416e401f47b9a1532edcd7c98d21.jpeg =384x285)

[](https

/ knowt-user-attachments.s3.amazonaws.com/bcb5d8a6c69140a684b58f1196d25a76.jpeg =384x288)

[](https

/ knowt-user-attachments.s3.amazonaws.com/d1498627411645b1b8d486b57f908592.jpeg =384x284)

[](https

/ knowt-user-attachments.s3.amazonaws.com/d13d82a9c46d4a4fae45a96d557968cf.jpeg =384x282)

[](https

/ knowt-user-attachments.s3.amazonaws.com/282a7dac235b45a2b6c7f5d395b4e62a.jpeg =384x284)

[](https

/ knowt-user-attachments.s3.amazonaws.com/427244661cc64a81a6458ad7340f4ba2.jpeg =384x283)

[](https

/ knowt-user-attachments.s3.amazonaws.com/93cdc57762ba41809b24e211abce506f.jpeg =384x285)

[](https

/ knowt-user-attachments.s3.amazonaws.com/2031594e94d8461d986fe23e508ea67f.jpeg =384x270)

[](https

/ knowt-user-attachments.s3.amazonaws.com/ddce3f59575840fb899c900043e19974.jpeg =384x288)

[](https

/ knowt-user-attachments.s3.amazonaws.com/220798ed1b0941129dc2e10945ea4575.jpeg =384x316)