Section bank two = bio

in negative sense RNA

RNA-dependent RNA polymerase is used to synthesize mRNA transcripts from the viral genome.

What does a subunit vaccine contain?

Specific antigens (proteins) from a pathogen (NOT the whole pathogen)

What is the purpose of a vaccine?

To expose the body to antigens → trigger immune response → create memory

Which cells produce antibodies?

Plasma cells (activated B cells)

Which response most likely occurs in an individual to whom a subunit vaccine has been administered? 

Production of antibodies by plasma cells

What is a negative-sense RNA virus?

RNA must be converted to positive-sense RNA before translation

Vaccine →

Antigen → Plasma cells → Antibodies

the site that is cut to introduce the gene to be cloned.

polylinker site

The center of the lumen will contain the

spermatozoan - the most advanced stage

The cells located adjacent to the basement membrane outside of the seminiferous tubule are the

leydig cells

The cells located adjacent to the basement membrane within the seminiferous tubule are

spermatogonia or the Sertoli cells.

what is located within the seminiferous tubules between the basement membrane and the center of the lumen

spermatocytes

Which mature cells always lack Barr bodies?

erythrocytes

Why can peptide hormones NOT cross membranes?

They are polar/water-soluble and are repelled by the hydrophobic membrane interior

Steroid hormone receptor location

Intracellular (cytoplasm or nucleus)

Peptide hormone receptor location

Cell membrane

Steroid hormones usually act as what?

Transcription factors regulating gene expression

Peptide hormones usually use what signaling system?

Second messengers (often cAMP)

Which hormone diffuses through the cell membrane of its target cells to reach its receptor?

aldosterone

Exons =

translated

Introns =

removed before translation

Euchromatin vs heterochromatin

• Euchromatin = open, transcriptionally active

• Heterochromatin = closed, transcriptionally inactive

Why does histone acetylation open chromatin?

Acetylation neutralizes positive histone charges, weakening histone-DNA interactions

Which chromatin type allows transcription factor access?

eurochromatin

Which chromatin type blocks transcription factors?

heterochromatin

Which process would be the first affected if dividing eukaryotic cells were treated with an inhibitor of spindle fiber elongation?

aster formation

Which cells are the precursors of the cellular fragments that are part of a clot?

megakaryocytes

the largest type of leukocytes in blood and can differentiate into macrophages and monocyte-derived dendritic cells. 

monocytes

granulocyte precursors, developing from myeloblasts and developing into myelocytes

progranulocytes

the hypothalamus is a brain structure that originates from the

ectoderm

the trophoderm gives rise to the

placenta

what is required for mitosis to initiate

cyclin + Cdk1

The association of cyclin with Cdk1 controls

entry into mitosis

Since Type I Bartter syndrome is autosomal recessive, an individual needs to possess

two copies of that gene (be homozygous - aa)

The ascending loop of Henle is positioned directly adjacent to the

distal convolated tubule

if there is increased urinary output, that is indicative of

decreased water reabsorption and higher blood pressure

if you see: cAMP / GPCR / membrane receptor, think

Protein hormone made in rough ER

• Ribosomes can be:

  • Free →

  • Bound (rough ER) →

cytosol proteins, secreted proteins

what do viral loads exhibit

a sharp increase which is followed by a decrease

Glycosides are formed when a carbohydrate covalently binds via its anomeric carbon to another molecule through a hydroxyl. This forms a glycosidic bond, which is functionally classified as an

acetal

bond formed between a carboxylic acid and alcohol.

ester

This is a type of bond formed between two acids.

anhydride

bond that forms between an amine and carboxylic acid

amide

what is the first intermediate of the pentose phosphate pathway

glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase

All steroids contain

four hydrocarbon rings and a hydroxyl group

cholesterol is a

steroid

location where action potentials are generated

axon hillock

generates a postsynaptic potential in direct response to neurotransmitters?

dendrites

the location where neurotransmitters are released.

axon terminal

segments along an axon that propagate an action potential

nodes of ranvier

After fertilization, the

corpus luteum is maintained for progesterone production.

Immediately after the sperm enters the oocyte,

meiosis II

meiosis I is completed

prior to ovulation

corpus luteum transforms into ____ in the event that fertilization does not occur. 

corpus albicans

required for the maintenance of pregnancy

progesterone secretion

Glioblastomas arise from glial cells, which include

astrocytes

Fibroblasts form

connective tissue

synthesis of insulin and glucagon happens in the

pancreatic islets

transport of digestive enzymes happens in the

pancreatic duct