Cross-Cultural Psychology Final Exam

The system of rules governing how language is used and understood in a given social context

pragmatics

The words/vocabulary contained in a language

lexicon

True/false - Cultural variables influence how you put words together

True

True/false - In Japan, if you are a lower status person speaking to someone of higher status, you refer to yourself using the pronoun equivalent of "I" which is "watashi"

True

Which term is also referred to as linguistic relativity?

Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis

What is considered to be the process of forming an impression on a person based on their appearance?

person perception

True/false - Subtle, unconscious nonverbal cues embedded in culture (media) exert powerful influences on the way we perceive others

True

What word describes the beliefs about the underlying causes of behavior?

attributions

Which is a model of health that views disease as resulting from biological, psychological, and social factors?

biopsychosocial model

True/false - In China, the concept of health, based on Chinese religion and philosophy, focuses on the principles of yin and yang

True

Which is not an indicator of health worldwide?

genetic influences

What are 3 of the 4 humors that the body is composed of?

blood, phlegm, yellow bile

The highest infant mortality rates are found in

Afghanistan

True/false - Misinterpreting culturally sanctioned behavior as expressions of pathological symptoms is known as underpathologizing

False

Cross-cultural comparisons have found that you can find _______ people in most other cultures

depressed

Patients with psychotic disorders in _______ exhibit fewer auditory hallucinations than patients in other countries

the United States

The World Health Organization has noted that _______ is found in many cultures, but it is more severe and debilitating in higher functioning cultures than in developing nations

schizophrenia

True/false - One of the ethnic anomalies discussed in class was that African Americans have a higher prevalence of schizophrenia and mood disorders

True

Which of the following suggested that diagnosing disorders is another way of persecuting people that step outside of the societal norm?

Szasz

The most frequently used instrument for cross-cultural assessments for psychopathology is the

MMPI

In some developing countries, individuals with debilitating disorders such as schizophrenia are

expected to move on with their life and have a family

Culture-specific diagnostic manuals won't include certain diagnoses if

both A and B - the ratings of diagnoses are low, and they don't consider it a disorder

_______ is expected to be the second most frequent diagnosis in the world

depression

_______ suffer from more physical and psychological disorders, but _______ are more likely to have depression, anxiety, and eating disorders

males; females

In a review of over 300 medical records of ethnic minorities or immigrants, _______ were reduced from psychotic to non-psychotic disorders when looked at from a cultural perspective

50%

Amok, Zar, Baksbat, and Susto are

culture-bound illnesses

True/false - Foreign born individuals are less likely to have anxiety, depression, and substance abuse than those who are born in the U.S.

True

Psychological symptoms become clinically significant when they are

functionally maladaptive

Which of the following broke down psychology into these two categories

true mental illness and general problems of living?: E. Fuller Torrey

_______ is the term used to describe the trend of overdiagnosis for the sake of insurance reimbursement and other benefits

disease mongering

The model of health that views disease as resulting from a specific, identifiable cause such as a pathogen, genetic or developmental abnormality, or physical insult is referred to as

biomedical model

To maintain steady, stable functioning in our bodies when there are changes in the environment refers to

homeostasis

Three indicators of health worldwide include life expectancy, infant mortality, and _______

subjective well-being

The idea that immigrants are faced with more stressors, but indicates better health is referred to as

immigrant paradox

Which ethnic group has the highest infant mortality rates?

African Americans

The concept of happiness or person's self-evaluation of how satisfied he or she is with his or her life is commonly referred to as

subjective well-being

True/false - People with high subjective well-being are healthier, but have shorter life expectancies

False

According to Frankl, a notable psychiatrist, one can look at a problem from any four perspectives

endogenic, psychogenic, sociogenic, noogenic

True/false - Roughly 30% of people in the United States could be deemed a DSM diagnosis

True

True/false - Cultural deviance does not allow for individuals to complete their day to day tasks or function as they would under normal circumstances

False

Who proposed an alternative to the DSM, in which he/she looked at a variety of symptoms that occur within children who are facing issues and found that some children internalize or externalize their upset feelings?

Thomas Achenbach

Universal symptoms such as not eating regularly, loss of sleep, lacking energy, and social isolation are all signs of what disorder?

depression

A review of 102 studies from seven world regions (Africa, Middle East, Oceania, South America, North America, Europe, and Asia) concluded that the prevalence of ADHD worldwide is about _______

5.29%

_______ have higher rates of PTSD, depression and anxiety, even after decades of being in the U.S.

Refugees

What do many countries outside the United States use to diagnose individuals?

ICD-10

People have stereotypes about their own groups as well as other groups. Which stereotypes refer to one's own group?

Autostereotypes

Perceptions of outgroups are often associated with the belief that others are less human, which is called

Infrahumanization

_______ include individuals with a history of shared experiences and an anticipated future that produces a sense of intimacy, familiarity, and trust

Ingroups

In a study in 2001, _______ found that people tend to remember and communicate to others the stereotypical information rather than the nonstereotypical when they were presented with stereotypical and nonstereotypical information about a certain group

Lyons and Kashima

_______ personality predicted prejudicial attitudes only when the participants focused on their personal identities

Authoritarian

To have a valid classification system for disorders that can be used cross culturally, health professionals rely on the DSM-V and the

ICD-10

True/false - In relationship to proxemics, Arab males tend to sit closer to each other, use greater eye contact, and speak in louder voices, than American males

True

True/false - Sensory metaphors are used much more frequently than semantic equivalents

True

True/false - Efron (1941) found that distinct gestures used between Lithuanian, Jewish, and Sicilian immigrants continued even after they had assimilated

False

Analysis done on 766,513 books and publications between 1960 and 2008 proved that the use of pronouns "we" and" us" _______, whereas the use of pronouns "I" and "me" _______

increased 42%; decreased 10%

True/false - According to the hierarchy of color names in human language, all languages contain terms for white and black

True

According to Edward T. Hall, intimate distances in the U.S. are

less than 18 inches

Gaze can communicate

all of the above - attraction, disrespect, and respect

According to Edward T. Hall, social distances in the U.S. are

4 to 12 feet

True/false - an illness is defined as personal, interpersonal, and cultural reactions to disease/discomfort

True

Obesity is defined as

BMI above 30

What are two main factors that explain the growing obesity issue globally?

poor diet and lack of exercise

What society glorifies suicide?

Japan

Culturally speaking, who will live the longest?

Asian females

Which researchers did a study by showing photographs of individuals in order to find out if individuals could recognize their race or a different race better?

Maples and Kravitz

Attractiveness ratings are strongly correlated with what?

social competence, adjustment, intellectual competence

What type of culture is associated with greater social capital?

individualistic

A viewpoint that suggests that psychological disorders can only be understood in the cultural framework within which they occur is known as

cultural relativism

In China, heart panic, heart dread, and heart pain are considered

diseases of social harmony

Violating social norms or stepping outside of what society considers to be healthy and sane behavior is

cultural deviance

Whereas disease is a more _______ term, illness is a more _______ term

biomedical; psychological

Triandis (1998) suggested that, in different cultures, a major ingredient in mediating stress includes

social support

What is acculturation?

the process by which people adopt a different cultural system

What are two major issues that can potentially occur when discussing or diagnosing disorders cross culturally?

reliability and validity

What ethnic group shows the lowest prevalence of depressive disorders including major depression, mania, panic disorder, and anxiety disorder?

Asian Americans

For example, if Professor DeRobertis likes to wear the color pink, what is he displaying?

deviation from the norm

Cultural concepts of distress are based on 3 aspects of cultural understanding. There are cultural syndromes of distress, cultural idioms of distress, and

cultural explanations of distress

The _______ is one of the most widely used measures to assess behavioral, emotional, and social problems of children around the world

CBCL

_______ is one of the potential obstacles to effective intercultural communication

assumptions of similarities

Which of the following is NOT one of the potential obstacles of effective intercultural communication?

individualism and collectivism