exam 3 basics

What is Dolor

Pain

What is Rubor

Redness

What is Calor

Heat

What is Tumor

Mass

What is Functio laesa

Loss of function

What is immunological memory

A memory of B and T cells after infection and vaccination

What are types of adaptive immunity

Humoral, Cell-mediated, active and passive

What is a hematopoietic stem cell

What are CD4+ cells

Helper T cells

What are CD8+ cells

Killer T cells

What is the role of a CD4+ cell

What is the role of a CD8+ cell

Where do B cells come from

Bursa or bone marrow

What is the Major Histocompatibility Complex

a set of genes, located on chromosome 6 in humans (known as HLA), that codes for cell surface proteins essential for the adaptive immune system

What two layers build the immune system?

Innate and acquired

What 2 lines of defense are in the innate system

1st - microbiome and 2nd - inflammatory

What defense makes up the acquired system

3rd - T-cell and B-cell immunity

What is desquamation

the natural, continuous process of shedding the outermost layer of the skin (stratum corneum) to facilitate skin renewal

What is the role of physical defenses in the immune system

act as the first line of defense in the innate immune system, forming an immediate, non-specific barrier that prevents pathogens (bacteria, viruses, fungi) from entering and settling in the body

What is the role of skin barriers in the immune system

acts as the body’s first line of immune defense, providing physical, chemical, and microbial protection against pathogens, UV light, and allergens

What is included in the anatomy of the mucous membrane barrier

three primary layers:

1.a surface epithelium that secretes protective mucins

2.a supporting connective tissue layer known as the lamina propria

3.a thin smooth muscle layer called the muscularis mucosae

What are the mechanisms of the mucous membrane barrier

physical trapping, chemical neutralization, and active immune clearance

How does the mucous membrane barrier evade pathogens

through a multi-layered defense comprising physical trapping, mechanical clearance, and chemical neutralization

What is the role of the mucus barrier

protects underlying tissues by physically trapping pathogens and foreign particles, neutralizing stomach acids, lubricating surfaces, and separating the immune system from the external environment and microbiota

What is the mucus barrier composed of

water, electrolytes, lipids, mucins

What is the role of the saliva barrier

serves as the mouth’s first line of defense

How does the saliva barrier help evade pathogens

What is Streptococcus

What is Gingivitis

What is the tear barrier made of

What is the function of the tear barrier

Why is the tear barrier important in livestock

What is a lysozyme

What is a defensin

What is the role of the urine barrier

How is the urine barrier relevant in food animals

How does the urine barrier help evade pathogens

What is the function of the stomach acid barrier

How does the stomach acid barrier help evade pathogens

How do bacteria evade barriers

What is adhesion (bacterial evasion)

What is a biofilm (bacterial evasion)

What is enzyme secretion (bacterial evasion)

How does the immune system react to a sinus infection

How can we improve the microbiome barrier

What are Peristalsis

What are mucociliary escalators

What is Lactoferrin

What is Immunoglobulin A

Can pathogens evade defenses?

What are vaccines

Like a sparring partner for immune system

- to learn the pathogen

What does the immune system depend on to fight pathogens with vaccines

Dosage, timing, the individual

What is an iterative process

Trail and error to get better

What is Variolation

inoculation of smallpox into the skin

Story about Edward Jenner

Took pus from cowpox and put it in the skin of a women

What was the first organism people deliberately eradicated (in 1980)?

Smallpox

When did the small pox vaccine get big in the US

After the Civil War

What vaccines began to be widely used in 1930s-1940s

Diptheria and Whooping Cough

When was the Polio vaccine developed

1955

When was the Measles vaccine developed

1963

In the 1970-1980s the CDC attempts to reach ___ ___ ___ for the worst diseases (90% coverage)

Herd Immunity Threshold

By 1990s, ___% of kids under 3 were covered for major disease.

90

What % of dog owners think vaccines are unsafe?

40%

What % think vaccines are ineffective, pets?

20%

What % think vaccines are medically unnecessary, pets?

30%

What % of dog owners do not vaccinate their pets (fear of autism)?

37%

Concentration of antibodies graph explanation

- over time, the T helpers learn what the antigen is

- T cells teach B cells

- They begin producing antibodies

- Process takes time before antibody concentration in blood increase

- Secondary exposure happens = you get a faster, stronger response