techtonic hazards theories

Deggs model

• shows that a vulnerable population overlapping wiht a hazard is a distaster - model applicapble t pinatubo 1991

• Explosive volcano (VEI 6) so more severe primary hazard (ash and tephra will spread far)

• Population. Was vulnerable due to economic vulnerability

• Philippines (1991) - classified as a developing country - so over reliance on the primary sector - so more agriculture wich is more vulnerable to significant economic loss was 70 million and 650,000 lost their jobs

Hazard risk formula (hazard x exposure x vulnerability/ management = risk)

• exposure - proximity to epicentre of volcano

• Management - resilience - Haiti - 25% of population lived within 29km of the earthquake

• Indian Ocean - community Aceh, Indonesia - tsunami arrived 20 mins after the EQ and were the closest in proximity in Aceh Indonesia - stunami arrived 20 mins after earth quake and were the closest in proximity and therefore experienced the largest amoint of deaths (168,000)

Disaster risk age index

Elderly vs young

• elderly - slow reaction times and less mobile, less access to technology (warning systems) frail and weaker so more susceptible to injuries and disease e.g Tohuku 2011 tsunami (56% of the deaths form this disaster aged 65+ years old even though they were only 20% of the population

Par model

• shows teh progression of vulnerability

• Route cause - dynamic pressure - unsafe condition

• Haiti 2020 - route cause - low levels of econcomic developemtn leads to a number of dynamic pressures:

• GDP per capti was low ($600) dos low levels of development - leads to more poverty (72% of the populaiton lived on less than $2 a day leads to large amounts of aseisic buildings - (90% of the buildings made of weak concrete and collapsed) and 80% of teh poverty was informal housing due to large rural to urban migration - 230,000 deaths

• Turkey - 2023- route cuase - weak governance

• dynamic pressures lack of enforcement of buildign codes and regulations (in 2018 100,000 properties granted building codes amnesty)

• Unsafe conditions hihg volume fo aseismic buildings (6000 buildings collapsed) 7.7 magnitifue death toll 50,000

• Route cuase - poor response form government lead to a 2-3 day delay search and rescue.

• Dynamic pressure lack- removed army instead of the Turkish disaster authors has o give permission to go in, removed twitter which was being used be trapped people a s a way to geolocatte becuase gov was more concerned about reducing the negative press they would get

Swiss cheese model

Bam Iran 2003 - specific physical, governcna and developemtn factors lead to the outcome

• physical - winter and hoedown at 5:23 am when most people were asleep and was only 7km focal depth so more intense ground shaking

• Developemtn - lower levels of economic development so less professional trained staff - less doctors and nurses so moany died due to injuries

• Government - lack of building standards - however was an ancient city 0 many oft he buildings being 2400 years old

• 26,000 people died (due to a combination of different factors)