AGS 311 final

sight of microbial fermentation in equine

Cecum

typical water intake in horses

0.3-0.4 gal/lb feed DM

3 levels of energy intake in horses

Minimum
Average
Elevated

Energy differences in equine are based upon _______, __________, and __________

Temperament
Voluntary activity
Digestive capacity

Minimum fiber inclusion in equine

20% ADF
35% NDF

Energy deficiency can cause

Loss of weight in mature animals and slow growth rate in growing animals

Increased protein requirements for

Growing
Lactating Mares
Mares in late gestation
Training

limiting amino acids in equine

Lysine and threonine

conversion of _______ to fetal tissue and milk is not very efficient

Protein

supplement this vitamin if a horse is on a hay and grain diet

Vitamin A

Vitamin that is likely to be deficient in most equine diets

Vitamin E

intake of hay or pasture ratio in horses

2-5lbs per 200lbs of body weight

Fungus in tall fescue

endophytic fungus

Signs of endophytic toxicity in brood mares

Prolonged gestation
Stillborn foals
Dystocia
Reduced milk production

Circumstances that cause prussic acid in forages

Drought
Frost
Fertilizer with high levels of N

respiratory disease caused when animals develop an allergic reaction to dusty/moldy hay

Heaves

Alfalfa has the greatest amounts of and

CP and Ca

Blister beetles contain this type of blistering agent

Cantharidin

Feed that is highest energy, but high in starch and low in lysine. When moldy is may develop mycotoxin and cause leukoencephalomalacia

Corn

Most common protein feed

Soybean Meal

Three categories of manufactured feeds

Fortified Concentrate
Supplements
Complete Feeds

Percent CP in maintenance feed formulations

10-12

Percent CP in performance horses, broodmares, and yearlings manufactured feeds

13-14

Percent CP in lactating mares, weanlings, and yearlings manufactured feeds

15-16

Feeds fed wiht no need for pasture or hay

Complete Feeds

A 1200lb mare should gain how many pounds through gestation

130-150

Nutrient requirements increase during what parts of gestation?

60 days before and after gestation

Average daily gain for the first month of life for a foal

2.5lbs/day

Pounds of concentrate intake per day per month of age

0.4-1.1

Pounds per day of concentrate intake of a 3 month old foal

1.2-3.3

Foals typically weaned at what age

4-6 months of age

Concentrate should be limited to what amounts?

50% of total diet or 1.25lbs/100lbs

Ways to minimize colic issues

Ensure adequate water access
Slowly increase/change feeds
Increased forage
Minimize concentrate

Pain and heat in hooves caused by overconsumption of concentrate or lush forage

Laminitis or founder

things cows provide to the symbiotic relationship between microorganisms and cow

Constant temperature
Humidity
Constant source of nutrients
constant removal of waste

What microorganisms provide to the symbiotic relationship between microorganisms and cow

Energy from the breakdown of fiber

Four compartments of a ruminant stomach

Rumen
Reticulum
Omasum
Abomasum

The most important factor influencing performance of beef cows

Dry Matter Intake

4 segments for nutritional management in cows

Early Lactation
Late Lactation
Mid Gestation
Late Gestation

Energy requirements for beef herd =

77kcal/BW^0.75

Four categories of energy requirements for beef cattle

Net energy for maintenance (NEm)
Net Energy for Conceptus (NEy)
Net Energy for Lactation (Nel)
Net Energy for Gain (NEg)

on of the most common nutrient deficiencies in grazing cattle

Protein

Protein below what percent is not enough ammonia to meet the needs of the microbes?

7%

Two kinds of proteins in cattle diet and their roles

Rumen Degradable Protein
-meet the needs of rumen microbes
Rumen Undegradable Protein
-meet the needs of the animal

Type of grazing where animals have access to the entire pasture the entire time

Continous/Season long grazing

Type of grazing where animals are rotated through pastures and graze less than 10 days

Managed Intensive Grazing

Type of grazing that maximizes forage utilization and rotates animals at least once every 24 hours

High density/low duration grazing

Two primary types of supplement

Protein and Energy

Protein supplement = >__%

25

Energy supplement =<__%

18

Priority for use of available energy in cattle

1. Basal Metabolism
2. Activity
3. Growth
4. Energy Reserves
5. Pregnancy
6. Lactation
7. Additional energy reserves
8. Estrous cycles and initiation of pregnancy
9. Excess reserves

What is the ideal body condition score in equine?

4-7

What are the three destinations following weaning?

Stocker
Backgrounding
Feedlot

What destination after weaning is forage based in typically used for calves under 800lbs?

Stocker

What destination after weaning utilizes a confined drylot and harvested forage? It is typically used for calves under 800lbs

Backgrounding

What destination after weaning uses a confined drylot and primarily concentrate feeds? It is typicaly used for calves from 400lbs to finish

Feedlot

The steps of the growth curve!

Conception
Birth
Weaning
Puberty
Start of breeding
Slaughter
Maturity

What is the primary goal of stocker operations?

Increase frame and muscle on light weight calves

What are the two primary types of grazing used for stocker operations

Cool season annuals
Wheat - graze out, fall grazing only
Perennial crops
Native range - cool season pastures

what is the ratio of animal weight to acreage?

250-500lbs of animal weight/acre

Forage rates increase by how many times in the spring compared to the fall?

1.5-2.0 times fall rates

What is the expected average daily gain for grazing animals?

1.5-2.0 lbs/hd/d

When do you typically graze native ranges?

May-October

Explain the benefits and concept of Intensive Early Stocking (IES)

Because 66% of gain in season long occurs during the first half of the grazing season, stocker calves are only placed on grass during the first half of the grazing season (May-Mid July). Stocking rate is doubled during the first half of the season, and once calves are removed, pasture is allowed to rest for the remainder of the year.

What is the typical gain of season long grazers compared to Intensive Early Stocking (IES) grazers?

Season long = 1.9 lbs/hd/day
IES = 2.6 lbs/hd/day

Why might one supplement grazers

To meet nutrient requirements when forage qualify declines during end of grazing season
To increase stocking rate during drought
To hit performance goals

What are the two primary growing seasons for cool season pastures? What is the benefit to each of them?

Spring: April-June - more quantity of forage
Fall: September - November - higher quality forage

What are the two USDA grading systems for feeder cattle?

Frame (small medium large) and Muscle (1-4)

A method of growing calves to increase skeletal growth using high concentration of silage and limited/programmed feed

Backgrounding

What three states lead the country in cattle feeding?

Texas, Nebraska, and Kansas

Facility where animals are kept in pens devoid of vegetation where all runoff must be controlled. They are given high diet concentrates and have better feed efficiency.

Confined Animal Feeding Operation (CAFO)

Feeding system that is pasture based, grazes high quality pastures, and take longer to finish. It causes a decrease in marbling of finished product.

Extensive

What are the 3 ages of calves going into feedlots?

Calf feds - immediately after weaning
Yearling - following a single stocker program
Long yearling - following 2 stocker programs

What are the two primary reasons for sickness when considering Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD)

Stress
Low feed intake

What can be done to offset the decrease in feed intake in newly received calves?

By giving them a diet higher in energy (high quality hay)

What is the term for a preventative medication program using prescription antibiotics?

Prophylactic Medication

Explain the step-up method for starting cattle on feed

Over a 21-28 day process, concentrate is increased by 10-20% every 3-7 days.

Finishing diets typically contain what percentage of roughage?

10-15

What feed has the highest crude protein?

Soybean meal

What are the three primary methods of feed bunk management and their definitions?

Ad lib - always have feed in front of them
Crumbles - crumbles left in the bottom when next feed is provided
Slick bunk - bunk is slick by the time feed is next provided

What are the four kinds of growth promoting implants?

Suckling Calf
Grazing
Drylot
Confinement

What are the two primary ingredients in growth promoting implants

Estrogenic and androgenic (testosterone)

What is the purpose of growth promoting implants?

To shift the growth rate to the right

What is the purpose of ionophores?

To shift production to more propionate vs acetate

What medication is fed at the end of a feeding period to increase muscle composition of the carcass

Beta agonists

What is lactic acidosis

A decrease in ruminal pH associated with improper adaptation to high starch diet

What causes liver abscesses

A high acid load in the rumen which causes clumping and destruction of rumen papillae

Nutrition

The process of obtaining and using food for maintenance

Nutrient

A chemical element or compound that supports life

Digestion

Breakdown of feed into absorbable units

Absorption

Movement of nutrients from GI tract into bloodstream

Metabolism

Sum of anabolism and catabolism

Anabolism

Building up molecules

Catabolism

Breaking down molecules

Carbohydrate

Primary energy source for animals

Monosaccharide

Simple sugar such as glucose

Disaccharide

Two monosaccharides linked together

Polysaccharide

Long chains of sugars

Starch

Storage carbohydrate in grains (amylose + amylopectin)

Cellulose

Structural carbohydrate in forages with β‑1