States of Matter, Separation Techniques, and Chemical Reactions

Flashcards covering the properties of solids, liquids, and gases, laboratory separation techniques, types of mixtures, and common chemical reaction categories including energy transfers.

Matter

Any substance that has mass and takes up space (volume).

Properties

Characteristics or features.

Density

The mass of a substance per volume ($\text{density} = \text{mass} \div \text{volume}$).

Solid

A state of matter with a regular structure, fixed volume, and fixed shape where particles vibrate around a fixed point.

Liquid

A state of matter with an irregular structure and fixed volume that changes shape to fill the bottom of a container.

Gas

A state of matter with large spaces between particles that can be compressed and moves randomly and rapidly.

Chromatography

A technique where chemicals are separated because different components travel up the paper at different rates due to their attractions.

Filtration

A separation method used to separate out pure substances from mixtures containing particles too large to pass through a filter.

Residue

The solid material that remains on the filter paper after the filtration process.

Filtrate

The liquid that successfully passes through the filter paper during filtration.

Distillation

A procedure using evaporation and condensation to separate a solid and a liquid or two liquids with different boiling points.

Fractional Distillation

A specific distillation process used to separate crude oil into different components like Petrol, Kerosine, and Diesel based on boiling points.

Miscible

Capable of being mixed.

Immiscible

Cannot be mixed.

Soluble

Able to be dissolved.

Insoluble

Unable to be dissolved.

Solute

The part of a solution that is being dissolved.

Solvent

The part of a solution that dissolves the solute.

Solution

Another word for a homogeneous mixture, formed when a solute is dissolved in a solvent.

Aqueous solution

A solution in which water is the solvent, often represented by the symbol $(aq)$.

Homogeneous mixture

Substances and mixtures which are in a single phase and same throughout.

Heterogeneous mixture

A mixture where individual substances remain distinct and are not the same throughout.

Combustion

A reaction where a substance reacts quickly with oxygen, releasing energy in the form of heat and light.

Neutralization

A reaction where an acid and a base cancel each other out to produce a neutral solution containing a salt and water.

Thermal Decomposition

A reaction where a single compound breaks down into two or more simpler substances when heated.

Displacement

A reaction where a more reactive element takes the place of a less reactive element in a compound.

Exothermic Reactions

Reactions that release energy into their surroundings, causing the immediate environment to heat up.

Endothermic Reactions

Reactions that absorb energy from their surroundings, causing the immediate environment to cool down.