Biology Exam

A rod structure that contains genetic Information

Chromosome

Which pair is correct

G1 phase and Cell growth

These are identical to eachother and make up chromosomes

Chromatids

A phase where a great deal of activity takes place, where the cell grows, makes organelles, and DNA replication takes place

Interphase

The phase of Mitosis where there are two distant nuclei but the cell hadn’t divided

Telophase

The phase of Mitosis where the nuclear membrane disappears, chromosomes coil, and spindles form

Prophase

The phase of Mitosis where Chromosomes line up in the middle

Metaphase

The phase of mitosis where the sister chromatids split apart and move to the poles

Anaphase

When during the cell cycle is a cell’s DNA replicated

S Phase

A mole becomes cancerous, but doesn’t spread, that type of tumor?

Benign

The cancer cells originate in the lungs then spread to the liver, what type of tumor is this?

Malignant

When a mutated cell divides, every resulting cell will be mutated (T or F)

True

The process in which the nucleus of the cell divides in two is known as

Mitosis

A disorder in which some of the body’s own cells lose the ability to control growth

Cancer

The process by which the cytoplasm of one cell divides to make two new cells

Cytokinesis

Why must cells copy their genetic info. before cell division occurs

So it can keep the original DNA to make an identical copy of itself

Offspring that results from crosses between TRUE-BREEDING parents with DIFFERENT traits

Hybrids

Segments of DNA that controls particular traits

Genes

Organisms that have TWO IDENTICAL alleles for a particular trait

Homozygous

Which law states that organisms only have one copy of each gene in their gametes, so when the egg and sperm come together, there will be two copies of each gene in the offspring

Law of Segregation

RrYy is an organisms genotype, this organism is (BLANK) according to these traits

Heterozygous

The different forms of the same gene for a specific trait

Alleles

What law states that genes for different traits can segregate without influencing the expression of another gene

Law of Independent Assortment

One of the main benefits of sexual reproduction is that it:

Creates a great amount of genetic diversity

Distinguishing characteristics that are inherited are called:

Traits

This form of a gene is only expressed when the dominant allele isn’t present

Recessive

He is known as the father of genetics

Mendel

The physical characteristics of an organism

Phenotype

The genetic makeup of an organism is known as

Genotype

Alternate forms of the same gene are called

Alleles

Two similar chromosomes that have a corresponding chromosome from the opposite sex parent are called:

Homologous chromosome

The process that produces haploid gamete’s from diploid cells

Meiosis

The cell that contains both sets of homologous chromosomes are called:

Diploid

Cells that contains a single set of chromosomes are called

Haploid

Chromosomes that directly control the development of the sex of an organism

Tetrads

In humans, Meiosis produces cells with how many chromosomes?

46

Gametes have

One copy of a homologous chromosome

The diagram below shows a homologous chromosomes during prophase l of Meiosis, what correctly describes the process being illustrated?

Crossing over in which alleles are exchanged

How may cells are produced by the end of Meiosis

4

A cell that contains a single set of chromosomes and are represented by N

Haploid

A process in which homologous chromosomes exchange portions of their chromatids with each other

Crossing over

What are the human male sex chromosome

XY

Chromosome that contains genes for characteristics not directly related to the sex of the organism

Autosomal chromosome

Someone who doesn’t show was recessive trait but can pass the trait into the offspring

Carrier

Suppose a person is a carrier for a genetic disorder, what phrase about this person is true?

Doesn’t have the disorder, but can pass it on

What’s the main reason that sex-linked disorders are most often observed in males

The Y chromosome cannot mask alleles on the X chromosome

A cross of a red cow with a white bull produces all roan offspring, where you can see both red and white fur. What type of inheritance is this?

Codominance

Human hight occurs in a continuous range because it’s affected by the interaction of several genes, making it a:

Polygenic trait

A pedigree cannot be used to

1. Determine whether a trait is inherited

2. Show how a trait is passed from one generation to the next

3. Determine whether an allele is dominant or recessive

Which of the following tools is used to match up chromosome pairs using chemical chains in order to find chromosomal abnormalities

Karyotype

Environmental factors can have an effect on gene expression (T or F)

True

In humans the mother determines the sex of the child (T or F)

False

This is a pattern of inheritance in which one allele isn’t completely dominant over another allele

Incomplete Dominance

A chart that can help trace the phenotypes and genotypes in a family

Pedigree

In any sample of DNA the number of cytosine molecules are the same as (BLANK) molecules

Guanine

Replication occurs

Before cell division

Which of the following doesn’t describe the structure of DNA

Contains adenine-uracil pairs

A unit of nucleic acid that is made up of a 5-Carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen containing base is

Nucleotide

This term is used for when adenine bonds with thymine and cytosine bonds with guanine

Base pairing

The copying of DNA molecule into another DNA molecule

Replication

DNA is called a (BLANK) because it is two strands twisted around eachother

Double Helix

RNA is made up of

Ribose, nitrogen base, phosphate group

These are the building blocks of protein

Amino acids

This is responsible for carrying information from DNA in the nucleus out to the ribosomes

mRNA

This is responsible for providing the place on the ribosome where proteins are made

rRNA

RNA contains the sugar

Ribose

Genes contain instructions for assembling

Proteins

What way does RNA differ. from DNA

RNA contains uracil and ribose

How many amino acids are responsible for coding all proteins

20

The 3 nucleotide sequence on mRNA that codes for an amino acid

Codon

Uracil bonds with adenine (T or F)

False

Uracil takes the place of Thymine in RNA

(T or F)

True

The process by which a molecule of DNA is copied into a complementary strand of mRNA

Transcription

What specific structure does translation occur on

Ribosomes

The decoding of a mRNA strand into a polypeptide chain is called

Translation

Discuss the process of protein synthesis. What happens during transcription and translation. Why are proteins important to humans

During transcription, the process of DNA is being copied into a complementary strand of mRNA since DNA cannot leave the nucleus. mRNA is able to take the genetic information out of the nucleus and into the cytoplasm where translation occurs. Translation is the decoding of an mRNA into a polypeptide chain. Once of the mRNA gives the genetic info to tRNA, it can go to the site of rRNA so the info will be safe. Proteins are important to humans because our enzymes are made of proteins which means it controls how our body can function

The process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms

Evolution

The Galapagos, Darwin was able to observe

Similar species in somewhat different habitats

Hutton and Lyell’s work was important to Darwin because it

Suggested the Earth was old enough for evolution to have occurred

This states that organisms best suited to their environment will survive where as organisms that lack the characteristic best suited for their environment will die

Survival of the fittest

Process in which humans allow only one selected organism to produce offspring

Artificial selection

According to Darwin’s theory of natural selection, individuals who survive are most likely the ones best adapted to exist in their environment. Their survival is due to:

Possession of adaptations that maximize fitness

Which statement about the individuals within a population that survive to a reproductive age is consistent with Darwin’s theory of natural selection

They are the ones best adapted to exist in their environment

Defines evolution by natural selection

A process of change in organisms over a period of time

Natural selection acts on

Phenotype

All of the individuals of a species that live in a particular area

Population

The remnant of an organ that had a function in an early ancestor is known as

Vestigial structure

Fossil evidence shows that structures considered vestigial in living organisms

Were until to their ancestors

What evidence for a past evolutionary relationship can be seen in different groups of vertebrates

Similar features in early stages of embryos

If two species have similar DNA sequences, it would indicate

They share a common ancestor

Bird wings, human arms, and dolphin fins are examples of vestiges organs (T or F)

False

The fossil record provides evidence, although incomplete, about the history of life and illustrates that most organisms have changed over time (T or F)

True

Scientists who study fossils are

Paleontologist

Vestigial organs are no longer useful in an organism, but biologists use them as evidence of an organism’s evolutionary past (T or F)

True

All the red oak trees in a forest would be an example of

Population

A change in the genetic material of an organism is (BLANK) which is the source of variation in all species

Mutation

Difference in the physical traits of an individual from those of other individuals in the group it belongs

Variation

Why is reproduction an important concept to fitness and natural selection

To make more the offspring that will have that trait to survive better and make more offspring