Diseases of Ruminants, South American Camelids, Swine

(acetonemia in cattle; pregnancy toxemia in ewes)

Ketosis

ketosis in ewes is called

pregnancy toxemia

ketosis in cattle is called

acetonemia

up to 6 weeks after calving

cows (ketosis)

two forms of ketosis

Wasting - loss of appetite; decreased milk production

Nervous - head pressing, delirium, teeth grinding, staggering

symptoms of wasting ketosis

loss of appetite; decreased milk production

ketosis treatment

IV glucose (dextrose); ewes may need C-section

symptoms of nervous ketosis

head pressing, delirium, teeth grinding, staggering

teeth grinding

bruxism

ewes (ketosis)

usually in last trimester of gestation

Dam has negative energy balance due to increased demands for glucose à body fats mobilized à ketone bodies produced in excess à clinical ketosis

Hypocalcemic parturient paresis

(Milk fever)

when does (Milk fever) occur

Usually occurs 2-3 days postpartum

-More in late pregnancy in ewes

treatment for Hypocalcemic parturient paresis (Milk fever)

Monitor heart during infusion - stop infusion if heart rate slows

what is Hypocalcemic parturient paresis (Milk fever)

Serum calcium level decreased; magnesium level may be increased (flaccid paralysis) or decreased (tetany)

-Muscle tremors, weakness, --> down

Downer cow

Flaccid paralysis weakness or paralysis and reduced muscle tone

Tetany condition due to low blood calcium, muscle spasms

Calcium Iv drip 500 mL bottle, can usually give one full bottle before monitoring heart rate.

(Milk fever) extra stuff

white muscle disease

-Vitamin E and selenium deficiency in young

-->From dams on selenium deficient diet during pregnancy

two forms of white muscle disease

Cardiac - severe debilitation or sudden death

Skeletal - weakness or muscle stiffness; may go down, muscles of limbs may feel hard and be painful

prevention of white muscle disease

Vit E/Selenium injection

Right displaced abomasum

rare is small ruminants, beef and diary cow are equal risk

Left displaced abomasum

occur in early postpartum dairy cow (4-8) weeks

Left (LDA)

abomasum between rumen and abdominal wall

Right (RDA)

abomasum displaced to right; may have torsion of abomasum as well

Displaced abomasum is in ____

dairy cows

clinical signs of Displaced abomasum

Decreased appetite; decreased milk production; presence of "ping" caused by trapped gas

treatment of Displaced abomasum

Surgical correction

Vagus indigestion treatment

antibiotics, and magnet in reticulum

Vagus indigestion prevention

administer a bar magnet at 6 months of age to all heifers; keep pastures free of metal debris

Vagus indigestion

hardware disease can cause

what is hardware disease

-Traumatic reticulopericarditis

-Puncture of the reticulum and sometimes rumen

Occurs when ruminants inadvertently consume metal, which migrates through their bodies, causing infection

Sudden decrease in milk production anorexia; groaning, hunching (kyphosis)

+ "grunt" test with pressure over xyphoid

symptoms of Vagus indigestion

Ruminal tympany (Bloat)

-Acute overdistension of the rumen

"Frothy" bloat

cattle on legume pastures and high grain diets

Gas bloat

physical obstruction of the gases and a failure of eructation

Breathing impaired in severe cases

-Emergency rumenotomy may save animal

-Left paralumbar fossa, with sharp knife or trocar and cannula

-Anti-frothing agents may be administered

-Careful pasture and feed management help prevent

treatment of Ruminal tympany (Bloat)

Rumen acidosis (grain overload)

Accumulation of excessive quantities of highly fermentative carbohydrates that produce lactic acid in the rumen

-When rumen pH drops below 5.0, acidosis may occur

-Cattle, goats, and sheep are susceptible

-Usually from accidental access to large quantities of grain

facts about Rumen acidosis (grain overload)

clinical signs of Rumen acidosis (grain overload)

severe toxemia, weakness, dehydration, static rumen, incoordination, and recumbency, leading to death

treatment of Rumen acidosis (grain overload)

Treat with antimicrobials to decrease rumen fermentation and acid production, neutralizing metabolic acidosis, IV fluids

Neonatal diarrhea - "Scours" causes

-Stresses from environment, weaning, failure of passive transfer of antibodies from colostrum in 1st 24 hours of life, etc. may predispose the neonate to infection

-Dietary induced diarrhea may occur with use of inferior milk replacers, etc.

symptoms of Neonatal diarrhea - "Scours"

-Diarrhea is usually profuse, watery, yellow

-Dehydration, metabolic acidosis, shock, death

treatment of Neonatal diarrhea - "Scours"

-Replace fluids and electrolytes lost; correct metabolic acidosis

prevention of Neonatal diarrhea - "Scours"

-Vaccination regimen, providing colostrum, parasite control

Neonatal diarrhea cattle

Escherichia coli diarrhea

Neonatal diarrhea Sheep and Goats

Rotavirus

Neonatal diarrhea pigs

Swine dysentery (Treponema hyodysenteriae)

-Diarrhea may be hemorrhagic; sometimes fatal

Transmissible gastroenteritis (TGE) (porcine rotavirus)

-Common in pigs; high morbidity and mortality in <10 day old pigs

-Vaccine available

Mastitis

Inflammation of the mammary gland

Mastitis clinical signs

-heat, pain, swelling, redness, marked changes in the milk

-Staph, Strep, coliform bacteria most often

Mastitis treatment

Frequent milking out of infected quarter, udder infusions, systemic antibiotics (careful of withdrawal times), perhaps drying off infected quarter

Mastitis prevention

Regular screening, proper milking technique, maintenance of milking equipment, early recognition and treatment

opisthotonus

(star gazing)

Vibriosis (Campylobacter fetus)

-A zoonotic disease

-A cause of abortion in cows and ewes

-May cause other reproductive problems, such as infertility, retained placentas, metritis, etc.

-Vaccine available for cattle

Brucellosis (Brucella sp.)

-A zoonotic disease of mammals, including sheep, goats, cattle, pigs

-Causes late term abortions or stillbirths in females, along with possible infertility

-Causes possible infertility in males due to orchitis, epididymitis

(Brucellosis (Brucella sp.)- Calfhood vaccination available and historically required in heifer calves____months old (B. abortus Strain 19)

4-10

Leptospirosis (Leptospira sp.)

-A zoonotic disease of many mammals including ruminants and pigs

-Clinical signs include fever, anorexia, agalactia, abortions, mastitis, liver and renal disease

-A bacterin is available for cattle (and dogs)

Listeriosis

-A zoonotic disease, often food borne

-Seen in ruminants, alpacas, llamas and other species

-May cause abortion in last trimester

-In cattle also causes ophthalmitis

-In sheep, neurologic signs are most common, such as disorientation, circling, facial paralysis

-Septicemia is common in young animals such as lambs

-A bacterin is available for sheep

-Caused about 40 human deaths in summer 2011 due to contaminated canteloupe (probably from cattle feces)

Listeriosis in cattle causes ____

ophthalmitis

(Listeriosis) In sheep, neurologic signs _________

are most common, such as disorientation, circling, facial paralysis

Listeriosis is seen in ______

ruminants, alpacas, llamas and other species

Listeriosis is __________

A zoonotic disease, often food borne

Neosporosis (Neospora caninum)

-Protozoal

-Causes abortion in cattle at 3-8 mo. Of gestation

-Encephalomyelitis in congenitally infected calves

Neosporosis (Neospora caninum) causes abortion in cattle at ___ mo. Of gestation

3-8

Neosporosis causes ______

abortion storm

Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR)

-Bovine herpesvirus I

-Causes upper respiratory signs

-Abortion, mummification, stillbirth, or weak calves if infected in the last trimester

-Vaccine available

Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) causes

-Causes upper respiratory signs

-Abortion, mummification, stillbirth, or weak calves if infected in the last trimester

Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) also called

Bovine herpesvirus I

diagnose Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR)

blood draw, look at white plaques in mouth, high fever, difficulty breathing

Trichomoniasis (Tritrichomonas fetus in cattle)

-Protozoal

-Sexually transmitted

-Causes early abortions or fetal resorption

-May lead to infertility in cows

-Spred by bull from cow to cow

-Regulations now require bulls to be tested before being sold for breeding purposes

Enzootic abortion in ewes (Chlamydophila abortus)

-A major cause of last trimester abortion in sheep and goats

-Also stillbirths and placentitis

-Pregnant women should not handle these tissues or the infected animals

-Bacterin available

coitus

sexual intercourse

Main transmission is through ingestion of tissues, such as placentas and aborted fetuses or pasture contaminated with fluids, etc.

how is Enzootic abortion in ewes (Chlamydophila abortus) spread

(Chlamydophila abortus)

Enzootic abortion in ewes

Q fever (Coxiella burnetti)

-A zoonotic disease

-Caused by rickettsial agent

-Placentitis, stillbirth, late term abortion in ewes, etc.

-High concentration of organism in placenta and fetal fluids, milk

-Transmitted by inhalation or ingestion

Q fever (Coxiella burnetti) causes

-Placentitis, stillbirth, late term abortion in ewes, etc.

-High concentration of organism in placenta and fetal fluids, milk

Q fever (Coxiella burnetti) caused by

rickettsial agent

Q fever (Coxiella burnetti) transmitted by

Transmitted by inhalation or ingestion