AP HUG U2 (Population)

Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

The average number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years.

Demography

The scientific study of population characteristics.

population density

Number of individuals per unit area

Arithmetic Density

The total number of people divided by the total land area.

physiologic density

the total number of people divided by the total arable land area

Agricultural Density

The ratio of the number of farmers to the total amount of land suitable for agriculture

dot maps

Maps where one dot represents a certain number of a phenomenon, such as a population.

Census

A complete enumeration of a population.

double timing

The number of years needed to double a population, assuming a constant rate of natural increase. Rule of 70. Divide 70 by the growth rate.

Rate of Natural Increase (RNI)

The difference in births and deaths in a population, usually expressed as a percentage; does not take into account migration into or out of an area.

Crude Birth Rate (CBR)

The total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society.

Crude Death Rate (CDR)

The total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society.

Child Mortality Rate

Number of deaths per thousand children within the first five years of life.

Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)

The total number of deaths in a year among infants under 1 year old for every 1,000 live births in a society.

Demographic Transition Model

A sequence of demographic (population) changes in which a country moves from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates through time.

Epidemiologic Transition

distinctive causes of death in each stage of the demographic transition

Stationary Population Level

natural rate of population growth has stabilized - usually stage 4 or 5 of demographic transition

population composition

Structure of population in terms of age, sex and other properties such as marital status and education

life expectancy

A figure indicating how long, on average, a person may be expected to live

AIDS

acquired immunodeficiency syndrome which is an epidemic in sub Saharan Africa

chronic (degenerative) disease

a disease that develops gradually and continues over a long period of time like heart disease

infectious disease

A disease that is caused by a pathogen and that can be spread from one individual to another.

Malthusian Theory

Starvation is the inevitable result of population growth, because the population increases at a geometric rate while food supply can only increase arithmetically

Neomalthusians

a belief that the world is characterized by scarcity and competition in which too many people fight for few resources. Pessimists who warn of the global ecopolitical dangers of uncontrolled population growth

pronatalist policies

government policies that encourage child birth such as tax breaks and flexible work hours

antinatalist policies

seek to reduce birth rates and strongly encourage or require that women limit their fertility

Eugenic Policies

Government policies designed to favor one racial sector over others (Nazi Germany)

Genetic (inherent) diseases

health conditions caused by changes (mutations) in a person's DNA, which can be inherited from parents or occur randomly. Examples include sickle cell anemia

population distributions

how people are spaced out across a geographic area. It describes patterns of where people live, considering factors like climate, landforms, resources, and human activities. These patterns can be clumped, uniform, or random.

population explosion

a rapid and sudden increase in population driven by a significant drop in mortality rates (due to medical advances, better farming, and improved standards of living coupled with high birthrates