BIOL 2210 Human Anatomy & Physiology I Cumulative Final Flashcards

This set of vocabulary flashcards covers the major terms and concepts from the BIOL 2210 Human Anatomy & Physiology I cumulative study guide, including themes of homeostasis, chemistry, cell biology, tissue nomenclature, and organ systems.

Homeostasis

The state maintained when organ systems work together to keep the internal environment stable.

Negative feedback mechanism

A control mechanism compared and contrasted with positive feedback for its role in maintaining stability.

Positive feedback mechanism

A control mechanism compared and contrasted with negative feedback for its involvement in body processes.

Gradients

Conditions that influence the movement of materials within the human body.

Anatomical planes

Directional terms and orientations used to describe the human body.

$$pH$$

A chemical concept involving acids, bases, and buffers that is applied to homeostasis.

Dehydration synthesis

A chemical reaction process described alongside hydrolysis and exchange reactions.

Hydrolysis

A chemical reaction process described alongside dehydration synthesis and exchange reactions.

Glycolysis

A metabolic process compared with aerobic metabolism in terms of oxygen use, $ATP$ production, by-products, and cell location.

Aerobic metabolism

A metabolic process compared with glycolysis in terms of oxygen use, $ATP$ production, by-products, and cell location.

Plasma membrane

The outer structure of a cell whose function and composition are essential for cell survival.

Diffusion

A type of membrane transport process along with osmosis and facilitated diffusion.

Osmosis

A specific membrane transport process involving the movement of water.

Active transport

A membrane transport process that is compared to passive processes like diffusion and filtration.

Hypertonic environment

An environment to which cells respond, along with isotonic and hypotonic environments.

Transcription

One of the two major steps involved in the expression of genetic information.

Translation

One of the two major steps involved in the expression of genetic information.

Histology

The study of tissues and the identification of the four major tissue types.

Epithelial tissue

One of the four major tissue types, classified by cell shape and layering.

Connective tissue

One of the four major tissue types, classified by matrix, cell type, and fibers.

Hyperplasia

A term in tissue vocabulary describing specific growth patterns.

Hypertrophy

A term in tissue vocabulary describing specific growth patterns.

Atrophy

A term in tissue vocabulary describing tissue wasting or shrinkage.

Necrosis

A term in tissue vocabulary describing pathological tissue death.

Infarction

A term in tissue vocabulary describing tissue death due to lack of blood supply.

Gangrene

A term in tissue vocabulary describing tissue death often associated with infection.

Apoptosis

A term in tissue vocabulary describing programmed cell death.

Keratinocytes

A specific cell type in the epidermis that plays a role in skin function.

Melanocytes

A specific cell type in the epidermis that contributes to skin pigment.

Keratinization

The process that supports skin function and relates to epidermal layers.

Sebaceous glands

An accessory structure of the skin along with sweat glands, hair, and nails.

Osteoblasts

A bone cell type involved in the growth and remodeling of skeletal tissue.

Osteoclasts

A bone cell type involved in the growth and remodeling of skeletal tissue.

Osteogenic cells

Stem cells that contribute to bone tissue formation.

Intramembranous ossification

One of the two processes by which bones grow and form.

Endochondral ossification

One of the two processes by which bones grow and form.

Calcitonin

A hormone used to help regulate blood calcium levels.

Parathyroid hormone

A hormone used to help regulate blood calcium levels.

Vitamin D

A substance analyzed for its role in regulating blood calcium levels.

Axial skeleton

One of the two primary divisions of the skeletal system.

Appendicular skeleton

One of the two primary divisions of the skeletal system.

Synarthroses

A functional classification of joints along with amphiarthroses and diarthroses.

Sarcolemma

A major structure of skeletal muscle cells along with the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

A major structure of skeletal muscle cells along with the sarcolemma and transverse tubules.

Sarcomere proteins

Proteins whose structure and function support the sliding filament mechanism of contraction.

Sliding filament mechanism

The process used to explain skeletal muscle contraction.

Isotonic contraction

A type of muscle contraction compared with isometric, concentric, and eccentric types.

Isometric contraction

A type of muscle contraction compared with isotonic, concentric, and eccentric types.

Motor units

Structures that play a role in muscle force production.

CNS

The Central Nervous System, a major division for body control.

PNS

The Peripheral Nervous System, a major division for body control.

Somatic nervous system

A nervous system division compared and contrasted with the autonomic nervous system.

Autonomic nervous system

A nervous system division compared and contrasted with the somatic nervous system.

Sympathetic division

One of the two anatomical divisions of the autonomic nervous system.

Parasympathetic division

One of the two anatomical divisions of the autonomic nervous system.

Depolarization

A term used to interpret an action potential graph, indicating a change in membrane potential.

Repolarization

A term used to interpret an action potential graph, indicating a return toward resting potential.

Saltatory conduction

A type of nerve impulse conduction compared to continuous conduction.

Decussation

A concept relating to the crossing of nerve fibers in the spinal cord and brain.

Reflex arc

A pathway consisting of components used to assess nervous system function.

Cerebrospinal fluid

A protective fluid in the brain whose production, circulation, and reabsorption are traced.

Blood-brain barrier

A protective mechanism for the brain along with the skull and meninges.

Cholinergic fibers

A type of motor fiber differentiated from adrenergic fibers.

Adrenergic fibers

A type of motor fiber differentiated from cholinergic fibers.

Generator potential

The event that begins sensory signaling in receptors.

Rods

A type of photoreceptor in the retina compared to cones.

Cones

A type of photoreceptor in the retina compared to rods.

Accommodation

The process of the lens changing shape to support near and far vision.

Static equilibrium

A type of balance distinguished from dynamic equilibrium.

Dynamic equilibrium

A type of balance distinguished from static equilibrium.

Maculae

Structures in the ear that play a role in balance.

Crista ampullaris

Structures in the ear that play a role in balance.