Pakistan: History, Culture, and Government

These flashcards cover key vocabulary and concepts from the history and culture of Pakistan as outlined in the lecture notes.

Brown v. Board of Education

Ruled that separate educational facilities are inherently unequal.

Mughal Empire

A historical empire in South Asia that was established and expanded by a series of emperors, most notably during the rule of Akbar.

Aurangzeb

The last of the great Mughal emperors who expanded the empire to its greatest extent but faced criticism for his policies towards non-Muslims.

Shah Wali Ullah

A prominent Muslim reformer who emphasized the significance of Islamic teachings and unity among Muslims.

Aligarh Movement

A movement led by Sir Syed Ahmed Khan aimed at modernizing Muslim education and promoting a separate Muslim identity.

Faraizi Movement

A socio-religious reform movement initiated by Haji Shariat Ullah focusing on renewal and adherence to Islamic duties.

Syed Ahmed Bareilvi

An influential Islamic leader who fought against Sikh rule and aimed to establish Muslim governance in India.

Jizya Tax

A tax imposed on non-Muslims in an Islamic state which was reintroduced under Aurangzeb, sparking discontent among Hindus.

Indian National Congress

A political party established in 1885 to advocate for Indian self-rule, initially dominated by Hindu interests.

Two-Nation Theory

The ideology that Muslims and Hindus are distinct nations, which formed the basis for the demand for a separate Muslim state, ultimately leading to the creation of Pakistan.

The East India Company

A British trading corporation that gained political control over India, significantly influencing its governance and economy.

Independence Movement

A series of efforts aimed at ending British rule in India, resulting in the partition and independence of India and Pakistan in 1947.

The Battle of Plassey

A decisive battle in 1757 that established British dominance in Bengal and marked the beginning of British colonial rule in India.

Suez Canal

A vital waterway completed in 1869, significantly shortening the sea route between Europe and India, increasing British strategic interests.

Sepoy Mutiny

A rebellion that took place in 1857 against the British East India Company, also known as the First War of Independence.

Colonialism

The practice of acquiring full or partial control over another country, occupying it with settlers, and exploiting it economically.

Westernization

The adoption of Western ideas, technology, and culture in non-Western societies, often associated with colonial influence.

Missionaries

Individuals or groups sent to promote Christianity in foreign countries, sometimes causing local tensions and conflicts.

Mughal Decline

The weakening of the Mughal Empire post-Aurangzeb due to internal strife, external invasions, and loss of authority.

Civil Services

Government services responsible for the administration and implementation of policies, which saw a decline in Muslim representation post-1857.

Caste System

A social stratification system prevalent in India, traditionally dividing society into hierarchical groups based on occupation and family lineage.