ap hug unit 6

Blockbusting

A practice in which real estate agents illegally convince homeowners, mainly whites, to sell their property because of the fear that other minorities will move in and lower property values

Brownfield

Former sites in urban communities that have fallen into disuse and decay usually due to contamination

Central Business District

The downtown or nucleus of a city where retail stores, offices, and cultural activities are concentrated; building densities are usually quite high; and transportation systems converge.

Central Place Theory

A theory that explains the distribution of services, based on the fact that settlements serve as centers of market areas for services; larger settlements are fewer and farther apart than smaller settlements and provide services for a larger number of people who are willing to travel farther.

Concentric Zone Model

Model that describes urban environments as a series of rings radiating out from a central core, or central business district.

Disamenity Sector

The very poorest parts of cities that in extreme cases are not even connected to regular city services and are controlled by gangs or drug lords.

Edge Cities

A large node of office and retail activities on the edge of an urban area.

Food desert

Urban neighborhoods and rural towns without ready access to fresh, healthy, and affordable food. Instead of supermarkets and grocery stores, these communities may have no food access or are served only by fast food restaurants and convenience stores that offer few healthy, affordable food options.

Gentrification

A process of converting an urban neighborhood from a predominantly low-income renter-occupied area to a predominantly middle-class owner-occupied area.

Ghetto

A poor densely populated city district occupied by a minority ethnic group linked together by economic hardship and social restrictions

Greenbelt

A ring of land maintained as parks, agriculture, or other types of open space to limit the sprawl of an urban area.

Metropolitan Statistical Area

In the United States, a central city of at least 50,000 population, the county within which the city is located, and adjacent counties meeting one of several tests indicating a functional connection to the central city

Multiple Nuclei Model

Type of urban form wherein cities have numerous centers of business and cultural activity instead of one central place.

New Urbanism

A movement in urban planning to promote mixed use commercial and residential development and pedestrian friendly, community orientated cities. New urbanism is a reaction to the sprawling, automobile centered cities of the mid twentieth century

Primate City

A country's leading city, with a population that is disproportionately greater than other urban areas within the same country.

Public housing

Housing owned by the government; in the United States, it is rented to low-income residents.

Rank-Size Rule

A pattern of settlements in a country, such that the nth largest settlement is 1/n the population of the largest settlement.

Redlining

A discriminatory real estate practice in North America in which members of minority groups are prevented from obtaining money to purchase homes or property in predominantly white neighborhoods. Banks drew these lines

Shantytowns

Unplanned slum development on the margins of cities, dominated by crude dwellings and shelters made mostly of scrap wood, iron, and even pieces of cardboard.

Squatter Settlement

An area within a city in a less developed country in which people illegally establish residences on land they do not own or rent and erect homemade structures.

Trade Area

region adjacent to every town and city within which its influence is dominant

Urban Renewal

Program in which cities identify blighted inner-city neighborhoods, acquire the properties from private members, relocate the residents and businesses, clear the site, build new roads and utilities, and turn the land over to private developers.

Urban Sprawl

The process of urban areas expanding outwards, usually in the form of suburbs, and developing over fertile agricultural land.

Zone in Transition

The second ring of the concentric zone model, which surrounds the CBD.

Zoning Laws

Legal land restrictions that dictate how property owners can and cannot use their land

affluent

wealthy or prosperous countries or individuals

annexation

The adding of a region to the territory of an existing political unit.

bid rent theory

explains how land values and types of land use vary based on proximity to a city's center (CBD)

central city

the main city within a metropolitan area, characterized by high population density and serving as the economic, cultural, and administrative center for the surrounding region

demographic

the statistical study of human populations, encompassing characteristics like age, sex, race, ethnicity, and other social and economic features

ethnic neighborhoods

a geographic area within a city where a specific ethnic group is concentrated

galactic city model

describes a decentralized urban area where growth is independent of a single central business district (CBD) and instead occurs around various specialized suburban areas, interconnected by transportation nodes like highways

global city

a major urban center that exerts significant influence on a global scale, especially in terms of finance, economics, politics, and culture

Gravity model

predicts the level of interaction between two places based on their population size and the distance between them

Hoyt sector model

the theory of urban structure that a city develops in a series of certain sectors, instead of rings.

infrastructure

the fundamental systems and structures necessary for a society or organization to function, including transportation, communication, utilities, and public services

Primate City Law

a situation where the largest city in a country or region is disproportionately larger and more significant than any other city in that area

market area

the geographic zone from which a service, like a store or factory, attracts customers or where its products are shipped

Megacity

City with more than 10 million people

metacity

city with more than 20 million people

megalopolis

a large, continuous urban region formed by the merging of multiple adjacent or overlapping metropolitan areas

metropolitan

a densely populated urban agglomeration and its surrounding areas that share common economic, social, and cultural ties

Quantitative data

numerical data

qualitative data

descriptive data

range

the maximum distance that people are willing to travel to access a service or purchase a product

services

any activity that fulfills a human want or need and generates income for the provider

business services

those activities that primarily support other businesses rather than individual consumers or the public.

consumer services

businesses that provide goods and services to individuals and families, focusing on personal needs and consumption

public services

activities that are provided by the government, at various levels (local, state, federal), to ensure the safety and well-being of citizens and businesses

settlement

a place where people live, ranging from small, isolated dwellings to large cities

smart growth

an urban planning and transportation theory that promotes sustainable development by focusing on compact, mixed-use, and walkable communities while reducing urban sprawl.

sprawl

the uncontrolled, often unplanned, outward expansion of urban or suburban areas, characterized by low-density development and a separation between residential and commercial zones

suburban sprawl

the uncontrolled and rapid expansion of urban areas characterized by low-density housing, single-use zoning, and reliance on private vehicles

suburbanization

the growth of residential communities on the outskirts of a city, often leading to urban sprawl

informal settlements

a residential area where inhabitants lack legal ownership or claim to the land they occupy, often characterized by substandard housing, limited access to basic infrastructure and services, and high population density

threshold

the minimum population or market size needed to support a particular type of service or business

urban blight/decay

the visible signs of decline and deterioration within an urban area, including the decay of infrastructure, buildings, and social systems

Latin American City Model

describes the internal structure of many cities in Latin America, particularly those with colonial legacies (spine and informal settlements on the peripheral)

Africa City Model

a model of urban structure that depicts African cities, particularly those influenced by European colonialism, with three distinct central business districts (CBDs)

Southeast City Model

depicts urban areas in Southeast Asia, characterized by a port-based commercial center, high-class residential zones radiating outwards from the port, middle-class zones in the inner city and suburbs, and low-income squatter settlements in the periphery

zones of abandonment

an area within a city or region where buildings, homes, or businesses have been abandoned due to economic hardship, environmental disaster, or other factors