ANAT W3 key words

skeletal system, atricular system, muscle system

yellow bone marrow

triglyceride storage in bone

axial skeleton

head, neck, trunk

what tissue type is bone

connective tissue

tissue structure of bone?

ECM that surrounds widely spread out cells

what is the ECM in bone made out of and for what purpose

collagen that resists tension and mineral salts that resist compression

appendicular skeleton

pectoral girdle (including clavicle, scapula), pelvic girdle, and the arms and legs

compact bone

dense bone outside spongy bone

spongy bone

inside of the bone, filled with bone marrow

cortical

compact bone

trabecular, cancellous

spongy bone

trabeculae

column of connective tissue in spongy bone

proximal epiphysis, diaphysis, distal ephysis, atricular cartilage, spongy bone, epiphyseal line, periosteum, medullary cavity, endosteum, compact bone, yellow bone marrow, nutrient artery, metaphysis

label this

long bones

longer than they are wide, weight bearing

short bones

similar width and length, stability and support

sesamoid bone

special type of short bone that forms in a tendon

flat bone

thin and flattened, can be curved, protect vital organs, large surface for muscle attatchments

irregular bones

bones in no other category

perioseal arteries

supply periosteum, outer compact bone, enter through many small canals

large nutrient arteries

enter through nutrient foramen at center of diaphysis, enters meduallary cavity and goes towards epiphysis

epiphyseal arteries

supply end of long bones especially epiphysis

metaphyseal arteries

supply end of long bones especially metaphysis

osteoblast

bone building cells, synthesise and secrete collagen and organic components to build ECM, intiate calcification

osteoclasts

break down bone ECM for resorption, release lysosmal enzymes and acids to digest protein + mineral of ECM

intramembranous ossification

development directly from mesenchyme, first ossification during fetal development

flat bones of skull, facial bones, mandible, parts of clavicle, fontanelles

bones that develop from intramembranous ossification

ossication center

where cells cluster due to signalling from osteoblasts during intramembranous ossification

chondrocytes

what mesenchyme cells condense into to form cartilage model

primary ossification center

initiated by blood bringing nutrients, in the middle of the bone where bone starts to replace cartilage in endochondral ossification

endochondral ossification

development of mesenchyme into cartilage during fetal stage then bone

secondary ossification center

in the epiphysis of the bone where the spongy starts replacing cartilage

25 years old

age when bone starts to only grow appositionally

interstitial growth

type of growh of cartilage on the epiphyseal side of the epiphyseal plate

zone of resting cartilage

anchor epiphyseal plate of the epiphysis bone

zone of proliferating cartilage

zone for interstial growth

zone of hypertonic cartilage

zone of mature chondrocytes

zone of calcified cartilage

the last zone where the cartilage becomes bone in longitudinal growth

endochondral ossification

replacement of cartilage on the diaphysis side of the epiphyseal plate for longitudinal growth

18 F and 21 M

the time when the epiphyseal plate closes forming the epiphyseal line

appositional bone growth

growth in the thickness of the bone

periosteum differentiate into osteoblasts, osteoblasts secrete collagen and other organic materials that make up the ECM of bone, osteoblasts surrounded by ECM develop into bone, old bone lining medullary cvity destroyed

mechanisms for appositional bone growth

bone remodelling

bones changing shape throughout life time

gluteal tuberosity on femur due to attatchment of gluentous maximus

example of bone marking for muscle attatchment

radius and ulna articular with humerous

bone marking forming joints

foramen magnum in the occipital lobe for the spinal cord

example of bone marking for vesseles and nerves

atricular system

system of joints jointed by ligament and accessory structures

cartilage

avascular, resilient, semirigid connective tissue

diffusion

how is cartilage nourished

atricular cartilage

smooth cartilagenous surface for joints

hyaline cartilage

most common cartilage, covers bone atriular surfaces, model for early skeleton, moderate amount of collagen

elastic cartilage

flexible, forming external ear, containing bundles of elastic

fibroncartialge

what is this cartilage’s name? specialised in joints eg. disc, mix of fibrous tissue and hyaline tissue, withstand prolonged pressure, substantial collagen

synovial joints

movable joints jointed by atricular cavity

fibrous joint

immovable joints, joined by connective tissue, movement depends on length of fibres

cartilaginous joint

minimal movement, bones jointed by hyaline of fibrocartilage, strength and shock absorption, no joint capsule

sutures

fibrous joint: connective joints in the skull

sutural ligament

special material that connects sutures in the skull

gomophosis

fibres between root of tooth and bony socket

syndesmosis

ligament joining 2 bones eg. radius and ulna, length of ligament determines movement

interosseous membrane

connective material in syndesmosis

synchondrosis

a bar or plate of hyaline cartilage between 2 ossification of developing bone

primary cartilagenous

synchondrosis -

symphysis

fibrocartilage connecting 2 seperate bones

secondary cartilagenous

symphysis

atricular cartilage, joint capsule, inner synovial membrane, outer fibrous membrane, accessory structures

label the synovial joint

plane joint

non axial movement, bones sliding past each other

hinge joint

uniaxial, movement at right angles to the joint, flexion and extension, surfaces one rounded and one curves around

pivot joint

unaxial, movement in line with the longitudinal axis of the bone, rotational movement, sleeve of bone + ligament and the axle bone

condyloid/ellipsoid joint

biaxial joint, movement around 2 axis at right angles, one indented and one oval surface, flexion, extension, abduction, adduction. eg. the knuckle joint

saddle joint

biaxial joint, movement around 2 axes at right angles, flexion, extension, adduction, abduction eg. the carpometacarpal joint of the thumb

ball andd socket joint

multiaxial, bones are shaped like ball and socket, flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, circumduction and rotation eg. hip and shoulder

range of motion

the range in degrees through which bones can be moved

atricular discs

binds strongly to fibrous membrane of joint capsule, seperates bone so more movement and seperate movement at same time can occur

fibrocartilage, extending inwards from the atricular capsule and partially or completely dividing it, absorb compression force + distribute weight

atricular menisci

only in the knee, C shaped

fibrocartilage, extending inwards from the atricular capsule and partially or completely dividing it, absorb compression force + distribute weight

labrum

wedge shaped, outer margin of the ball and socket joint, made out of firbocartilage, deepens the socket, increasing SA

fat pads

space fillers, intracapsular but extrasynovial, spreads the synovial fluid

bursa

bags of synovial fluid that reduce friction, wrap around tendons that pass bones, numerous in joints that have increased mobility, extracapsular

tendon sheath

tube like synovial structure that wraps around a tendon, smooth gliding over long surfaces

thermogenesis

muscle generating heat as they contract

skeletal muscle

attatch to skeleton, voluntary for some, straited

cardiac muscle

only in the heart and some great vessels, involuntary (without nerve system), branching chain of cells

smooth mucle

not straited, uninucleated, in the walls of hollow organs, involuntary (through autonomic nervous system)

endomysium

wraps individual muscle fibres

perimysium

wraps fascicles

epimysium

wraps the entire muscle including muscle and nerves, blood vessles

circular muscles

fascicles in concentric rings, contraction closes

sphincters

external body openings where ciruclar muscles are present

convergent

broad origin by fascicles converge towards single tendon of insertion, fan shaped, strongest contraction eg. pectoralis major

pectoralis major

example of convergent muscle

parallel

lengt of fasciles parallel to long axis of muscle, strap like eg. sartorious or fusiform eg. bicep

sartorious

strap like muscle

fusiform

belly of the muscle protruding

pennate

fascicles are short and attatch obliquely to the tendon

unipennate

fascicles insert onto one side of the tendon

bipennate

fascicles insert onto opposite sides of the tendon

multipennate

fascicles insert onto the tendon from many directions

deltoid

example of multipennate mucle

rectus femoris

example of bipennate muscle

extensor digitorus longus

example of unipennate muscle

ligament

joining bone to bone, blend with periosteum at joint

tendon

joining muscle to bone