AP Psychology: Unit 7 (Part 2)

personality

someone’s patterns of thinking, feeling, and acting

psychodynamic theories

psychoanalysis

Freud’s theory that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts

unconscious

unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories

free association

exploring the unconscious when a person relaxes and says what comes to mind

id

immediate gratification for basic sexual and aggressive drives

ego

mediates the Id’s demands, brings pleasure and not pain

superego

internalized ideas and standard for judgement and future aspirations

psychosexual stages

oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital

Oedipus complex

Children love their parents more than they should

identification

fixation

defense mechanisms

protective methods to reduce anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality

repression

collective unconscious

memory traced from our species history

projective test

personality tests providing images to see what one is thinking

Thematic Apperception Test

People express inner feelings through stories they make up themselves

Rorschach Inkblot test

inkblots that identify feelings based on analyzation of their interpretation

terror-management theory

death-related anxiety; explores responses after mentioning death

humanistic theories

view personality as a focus on potential for personal growth

hierarchy of needs

Go from physical needs to psychological needs

self-actualization

fulfilling our potential

self-transcendence

identity beyond self

unconditional positive regard

self-concept

our thoughts and feelings to “who am i?”

trait

patterns/our draw to act a certain way

personality inventory

long questionnaires that cover a wide range of feelings and behaviors

MMPI

most used; first identified emotional disorders

empirically derived test

selecting from a group of items that discriminate between groups

social-cognitive perspective

behavior is influenced by interaction between people’s traits

behavioral approach

focuses on effects of learning

reciprocal determinism

interactive influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment

self

center of personality, organizes thoughts, feelings, and actions

spotlight effect

overestimating the attention that others give us

self-esteem

high/low self-worth

self-efficacy

competence and effectiveness

self-serving bias

thinking of oneself favorably

narcissism

being over-confident and involved in oneself

individualism

yourself over a group

collectivism

your group over other groups

sigmund freud

founder of psychoanalysis

Alfred Adler

emphasized on belonging

Karen Horney

believed that children needed security and love (Neo-freudian)

Karl Jung

believed Freud’s sexual theories were too sexual

Abraham Maslow

developed the hierarchy of needs

Carl Rogers

founded humanistic psychology

Robert McCrae

developed the five factor theory

Paul Costa

developed the five factor theory

Robert Bandura

modelling plays a role in why people learn