Cells in the Nervous System

Remyelination

________ and healing of axon may not fully recover if cell death has occurred.

Soma

What is the part of the neuron that produces neurotransmitters (the messages to be transmitted)

large pain

Myelinated nerves: usually conduct info regarding survival and ________ signals.

Myelination

________ occurs on the axon of the nerve and influences the rate of conduction of the signal " (travel time)

Unmyelinated

What characteristic of a nerve gives it a higher chance in distorting the original signal being sent (travels along every point of the axon)

Sodium Potassium Pump

________= basis for depolarization underlying the action potential.

Postsynaptic cell

The released neurotransmitters interact with receptors on the ________ membranes → to cause an excitatory response (depolarizing) or inhibitory response (hyper- polarizing)

Postsynaptic Terminal

What is the area containing specific receptors (dendrites of the next cell)?

Dendrites

What part of the neuron receives information through the synapse of another cell?

Presynaptic Terminal

What part of the neuron transfers information through the secretion of neurotransmitters?

Synaptic cleft

What is the site for interneuronal communication?

Atrophy of muscles

________ (especially in the distal limbs) affect the longest nerve fibers, and the feet and hands are affected in early stages of the disease.

Bipolar cells

Which type of neuron is composed of one dendrite and one axon? (repeats the same function)

Pain sensors

________ and some pressure sensors are unmyelinated.

Cells lining ventricles

___________ also have stem- cell potential in adults.

Na+ and K+ ions

________ and ____ flow through the cell membrane.

Axoplasmic Transport

What is the transportation of substances along the axon to /from the synapse?

produces neurotransmitters

What is the function of the soma?

receive information through the synapse

What is the function of the dendrites?

carry the output message/signal

What is the function of the axon?

transfers information through the secretion of neurotransmitters

What is the function of the presynaptic terminal?

Anterograde

Which type of axoplasmic transport is from the SOMA → PRESYNAPTIC TERMINAL (new info)?

Retrograde

Which type of axoplasmic transport is from the PRESYNAPTIC TERMINAL → SOMA (old info)?

Synaptic cleft

What is the site for interneuronal communication?

Postsynaptic Terminal

What is the area containing specific receptors? (dendrites of the next cell)

Pesudounipolar cells

Which type of neuron is composed of one dendrite and two axons? (typically found as sensory neurons)

Oligodendrocytes

Which type of glial cell myelinate CNS axons?

Schwann Cells

What type of glial cell myelinate PNS axons?

Myelinated

What is a characteristic of nerves that usually conduct info regarding survival and large pain signals?

Unmyelinated

______ type of nerves have higher chance of distorting the original signal being sent (travels along every point of the axon-telephone game)

demyelination & formation of plaque

MS is when antibodies attack oligodendrocytes → (leading to)

slowing or blockage of signal transmission

Demyelination & formation of plaque can cause _________.

immune related & Chronic

Pathophysiology of Multiple Sclerosis is _______.

Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

These components: inflammation, demyelination, axonal damage, neuro-degeneration correspond with which autoimmune disease?

Action potential in the presynaptic neuron (Na+ flows in and K+ flows out)

What has to happen for the Ca2+ channels to open?

The "exit" of neurotransmitter vesicles into the synaptic cleft

What is exocytosis?

1) Excitatory (depolarizing), 2) Inhibitory (hyper-polarizing)

Once neurotransmitters interact with receptors on the postsynaptic cell what are the 2 possible responses?

Multipolar Cells

Which type of neuron is composed of multiple dendrites & one axon? (most common & found in spinal motor neurons)

Astrocytes

Which type of CNS glial cell is activated by neighboring neurons or mechanical change, communicates through gap junctions, forms the blood-brain barrier and is a route of nutrients to neurons?

Ependymal Cells

Which type of CNS glial cell produces, secretes and controls the movement of CSF?

Microglial

Which type of CNS glial cell migrates to areas and removes debris? (considered the CNS immune system)

Satellite Cells

What type of PNS glial cell is founding regulatory systems and helps create a "healthy" (regulates ion concentration, etc...) environment for information to be relayed?

Functional mobility, dressing, bathing, grooming,eating

What are the self-care activities that as PT's we focus on when working with an MS patient?

Work & Home management

What are the productive activities that as PT's we focus on when working with an MS patient?

help the patient better manage the symptoms

As PT's what is our responsibility when working with an MS patient?

Feet and Hands (distal limbs)

When PNS demyelination occurs what region do you see it affect first?

Guillain-Barre syndrome

What is the autoimmune disease that causes acute flaccid paralysis and does not usually have life-long effects?

Stretching & splinting, ROM exercises, Comorbidity prevention

What is a PT's doing in the acute phase of treating patients with Guillian-Barre syndrome?

Strengthening exercises, Assistive technology, Avoid overworking muscles

What is a PT's doing in the recovery phase of treating patients with Guillian-Barre syndrome?

Pluripotent cells

What type of cells are neural stem cells?

Hippocampus = forming new memories & learning new tasks. Cells lining ventricles also have stem-cell potential

In adults where do we see neural stem cells?