treatment

Trephining​

surgical practice to take out part of skull to remove pressure or release demons

18-19th century practices

Blast water at patient. internal fluids being swished from being strapped in a spinning chair

18-19th Century Institutionalization​

London’s ​Bethlehem Hospital​- Patients were imprisoned and showcased to members of rhe community

Who are Jean-Baptiste Pussin & Philippe Pinel​

Reformed practices.

bicetre hospital + salpetriere

•more humane approaches

•unchain patients, ban beatings

•prioritize hygiene & nutrition; bright, any rooms

•talk, with & listen to patients; observe, keep records; forms basis of classification systems

Who is william tuck

also reformed practices where he took out patients to garden, talked, or created positive environment

Who is Benjamin Rush

Developed first medical course in psychiatry

•believed mental illness involved disorders of the brain

•changed hiring practices; compassionate people

Who is Dorothea Dix

•Exposed inhumane conditions

•Advocated for care and compassion

•Lobbied to fund mental health institutions

•Contributed

Whats Deinstitutionalization​

Transferring the treatment of mental illness from inpatient institutions to community-based facilities that emphasize outpatient care​

Psychoanalysis

in-depth form of talk therapy and personality theory established by Sigmund Freud in the 1890s, designed to uncover unconscious, repressed thoughts and emotions

What’s free association?

Trying to get unconscious

•client reports anything that comes to mind

•keep talking without filtering

•relaxes defenses

Analysis of resistance

Client behaviours that interfere with the therapeutic process

• Freud analyses the resistance and what it means

transference

client unconsciously redirects feelings, desires,’ or expectations from important people from their past to therapist

•countertransference- The therapist’s unconscious emotional reactions to the patient

Humanistic approach

Humanistic approaches are optimistic and believe you are capable of taking control of life. They are providing a supportive environment to help yourself.

• Conscious control & taking responsibility​
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• Inner-resources for healing & growth​
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• Create an environment for self-exploration & removal of roadblocks to growth​
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• Person-centred therapy- rather than client centered because they believed they are treating a “person”​
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• Gestalt Therapy​

Person centered therapy

Created by Carl rogers.

• Unconditional positive regard​

• Non-judgmental & non-directive- doesn’t lead convo

Person centered techniques

• Empathy

• Active Listening/Reflection: The therapist listens intently and restates the client's words to understand their world.

• Unconditional Positive Regard: Accepting the client completely without judgment, fostering a safe space.

• Congruence (Genuineness): The therapist is authentic, open, and honest in the relationship rather than acting strictly professional.

• Non-directiveness: The therapist avoids giving advice, interpreting, or leading, allowing the client to take charge of the session.

• Exploring Self-Concept: Helping the client examine their own perceptions and beliefs to foster self-awareness.

Techniques for active listening

Paraphrasing

reflection-playing back emotional content

open-ended questions

close-ended questions

minimal encourages

silence

non-verbal behaviour

Who created Gesalt therapy

• Frederick ”Fritz” Perls​

What’s Gestalt therapy

a humanistic, client-centered approach focusing on the "here and now," personal responsibility, and emotional awareness

• Living “inauthentic lives”​
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• Achieve wholeness…in the here & now​
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• Increase emotional expressiveness​
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• Take responsibility for your actions

maladaptive thought

-gestalt therapy-Beliefs in life that arent helping us

open chair technique

client imagines person living opposite of you is a loved one. You say whatever you want to say that imagined person

Whats Cognitive approach

Cognitive approach is interested in how we appraise the events in our lives which can be adaptive or not adaptive

Who created Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy​

Albert Ellis

Whats Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy

cognitive-behavioral approach developed by Albert Ellis in the 1950s that teaches individuals to identify and replace irrational, self-defeating beliefs with rational, constructive ones

Activating event-> beliefs -> consequences

Its the beliefs that determines consequences. Usually irrational thoughts. Therapy involves disputing

What’s behavioural approach

focuses on observable behaviors and external stimuli (conditioning/reinforcement) to change maladaptive behaviour

techniques: Systematic desensitization, Behaviour modification​-+ and - reinforcment, social skills training

Whats Systematic desensitization​

a behavioral therapy used to treat phobias, anxiety, and PTSD by pairing deep relaxation techniques with gradual exposure to a feared object

Whats in-vitro

imagined

Whats in-vivo

in real life

Whats Cognitive Behavioural Therapy​

Identify and change maladaptive thoughts and behaviours

strategies of cognitive and behavioural therapy

• Cognitive restructuring​- used to identify, challenge, and reframe irrational, dysfunctional, or distorted thoughts into more balanced, realistic ones

• Exposure techniques-

• Behavioural activation​- treat depression by increasing engagement in rewarding, goal-oriented activities

• Problem-solving skills​- •defining problem, generating solutions, choosing best option, action plan with manageable steps; implement and include schedule

• Self-monitoring- client tracks daily activities and mood to identify patterns •activity scheduling •focus on what client finds meaningful

Biomedical approaches to therapy

Electroconvulsive Therapy, psychosurgery (lobotomy), Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)​, ​

How is Electroconvulsive Therapy performed​

small electric currents are passed through the brain to trigger a brief seizure. For example, Individuals with schizophrenia rarely had elipsey so they were administered with electrical current

How was lobotomy performed?

Take ice pick inside eye socket and swish the ice pick inside to severe prefontal nerve pathways

How was Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)​ performed

Device that generate magnetic pulse

pharmacotherapy?

Treatment of mental disorders with medication​

What type of drug therapy for schizophrenia

antipsychotic medications that manage symptoms by balancing neurotransmitters like dopamine and serotonin

Trcyclic antidepressent

These drugs inhibit the reuptake of both norepinephrine and serotonin which elavates activity at both types of synapses

SSRIs

SSRIs slow the reuptake of serotonin by the serotonin transporter, increasing the levels of serotonin in the serotonin synapses.

MAO inhibitors

MAOIs disable MOA enzymes, which is responsible for breaking down and inactivate neurotransmitters such as serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine.

Drug therapy for bipolar

Mood Stabilizers: Lithium

Anticonvulsants (Antiseizure Medications): Valproate

Drug therapy for anxiety

Tranquillizers

•benzodiazepines

•Increase GABA

•valuum, xanax, ativan, klonopin, etc.

Effectiveness of psychotherapies

Dodo bird verdict -competing therapies work with about equal rates of success

Counter to dodo- some therapies are more effective than others when dealing with a particular diagnoses

Therapeutics alliance- a trusting and collaborative relationship in which therapist and client work towards shared goals

Eclectic practice- use techniques from variety of different approaches like humanistic approach while administering CBT

Who created behavioural therapy

Joseph Wolpe

Whats Tardive dyskinesia

a neurological disorder marked by involuntary writhing and ticlike movements of the mouth, tongue, face, hands, or feet.

According to Rogers, most personal distress is due to what

Incongruence between a person's self-concept and reality

What is spontaneous remission

When psychological disorders clear up on their own without treatment

Behavior therapies are based on which two key assumptions?

ehavior is a product of learning and what has been learned can be unlearned

In social skills training, what is behavioral rehearsal?

Practicing social techniques in structured role-playing exercises