Reproductive System Terms 2

sex

biological traits (physical and biological differences assigned at birth), sexual activity, process of procreation and pleasure

gender

socially constructed roles, behaviors, expressions and identities

puberty

the process of physical maturation where adolescent reaches sexual maturity and becomes capable of reproduction (females=starts between ages 8-13, males=between ages 9-14)

menstral cycle

monthly cycle of hormonal changes from beginning of period to next, lining of uterus thickens to prepare for possible pregnancy—> if no pregnancy, estrogen and progesterone levels drop

4 phases of menstral sycle

1. menstration

2. follicular phase

3. ovulation

4. luteal phase

sexual reproduction

production of new organism by combination of genetic material of two sexes (gamete cells fuse to form a diploid zygote)

asexual reproduction

model of reproduction in which new offspring are produced by a single parent

normal amount of chromosomes in human body cell

46 chromosomes (23 pairs of homologous chromosomes - diploid is 2n)

gametes

each contain one member of each homologous pair of chromosomes/ when egg and sperm fuse, they form a zygote that restores the diploid number of chromosomes

gametogenesis

process of gamete formation (involves nuclear division by meiosis)

meiosis 1

separates homologous pairs

meiosis 2

separates sister chromatids - result = 4 haploid daughter cells

spermatogenesis

human sperm production (male gametogenesis), begins at puberty and continues through life (average male ejaculation contains about a quarter billion sperm, about 40 million)

where does spermatogenesis occur in the male body

occurs in seminiferous tubules in the testes (FSH production that starts during puberty, each mitotic division of a spermatogonium produces one spermatogonium and one primary spermatocyte (designed to undergo meiosis))

spermatids

haploid cells that are the actual product of meiosis/ non mitotic and nonfunctional gametes that have too much excess baggage to function in reproductive activity until the process of spermatogenesis strips away the excess stuff (extra cytoplasm), converting it to a streamlined sperm

sustentocyte

nourishes the spermatids as they transform into sperm (extend inward from the periphery tubule)

interstitial endocrine cells (leydig cells)

primary source of testosterone in males

acrosome

contains enzymes necessary for penetration of egg

parts of sperm

head (where DNA is), mid-piece, tail (locomotion)

secondary oocyte

stage when ovulating (under undergo second mieosis if fertilized)

follicle

a sac like structure that develops from each immature ovum within each ovary

oogenesis

process of producing an egg (female gamete formation), occurs in the ovary

steps of oogenesis

starts with primitive stem cells (oogonia, in cortex of ovaries of female fetus), during fetal development the oogonia undergo mitosis thousands of times, they become encapsulated by pre-granulose cells and form primordial follicles by the ovary, when girl is born most of the oogonia have increased and become primary oocytes, the prophase stage of meiosis 1 (born with lifetime supply of them)

what does female meiosis 1 produce

1 functional gamete (egg=large, non-motive cells with cytoplasmic reserves that nourish the developing embryo until implantation can be accomplished) (while males produce 4, tiny and mobile cells, have few organelles, no nutrient-carrying cytoplasm)

maturation stages of follicle development

month-long maturation process where the follicle develops (driven by hormones like FSH and LH) resulting in ovulation of the egg

primordial follicle

(smallest) primary oocyte surrounded by a single layer of squamous pre-granulosa cells (present at birth in fetus)

primary follicle

stage begins at puberty/ squamous cells become cuboidal and surround the oocyte

secondary follicle

cells around oocyte become stratified cubodial epithelium —> now called granulosa cells

late secondary follicle

oocyte secretes a glycoprotein to form its extracellular membrane (zona pellucida)

vesicular (antral/Graafian) follicle

(largest) fluid filled, developing sac in the ovary containing oocyte

ruptured follicle

when a mature ovarian follicle opens to release egg during ovulation (around day 14 of menstrual cycle)

corpus luteum

yellow body formed by granulosa cells- forms immediately from the ruptured follicle after the mature egg is released during ovulation, produces estrogen and progesterone

corpus albicans

what the ruptured follicle becomes 10-12 days after ovulation if fertilization does not occur